Introduction to dosage forms & drug delivery systems Flashcards
Definition of Pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutics is the science of formulating, manufacturing, and ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications for patient use
Definition of Advanced Pharmaceutics
Advanced Pharmaceutics focuses on innovative drug delivery technologies and complex formulation techniques to enhance therapeutic outcomes.
Definition of Drug
Drug is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to enhance physical or mental well-being.
Definition of Dose
Dose is the specific quantity of a drug administered at one time to achieve a therapeutic effect.
Definition of a Dosage Form
The physical form in which a drug is delivered to patients, such as tablets, capsules, liquids, or injections.
Drug is?
Medicinal agent = active ingredient = active constituent
Excipient is?
Additive = adjuvant
Dosage form is?
Drug + excipients (+ appropriate manufacturing conditions)
What are the 8 needs for a correct Dosage Form?
- Accurate dose
- Protection from gastric juice
- Masking taste and odour
- Placement of drugs within body tissues
- Controlled release medication
- Optimal drug action
- Insertion of drugs into body cavities
- Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs
2 Therapeutic considerations in Dosage Form design
- Nature of the disease or illness
- Age of the patient
2 Biopharmaceutical considerations
- Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, protein binding etc.
- Concept of bioavailability
What is drug design?
Drug design is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target.
Reasons to design new drugs (2)
- New diseases being discovered everyday
2.The therapeutic efficacy of the drug is low, to enhance the efficiency, new drugs are designed - To overcome the side effects of the drugs
- To overcome the cost of therapy
What are tablets?
Compressed solid preparations containing an active drug
What are uncoated tablets?
Simple compressed forms without any external coating
What are film coated tablets
Tablets coated with a thin polymer film for protection or modified release
What are enteric-coated tablets
Coated to prevent drug release in the stomach, dissolve in the intestines
What are effervescent tablets
Designed to dissolve in water before ingestion, releasing gas
What are capsules
Soluble gelatin shells containing drugs in solid or liquid forms
What are hard gelatin capsules
Contain powdered of granulated drugs
What are soft gelatin capsules (SOFTGELS)
Contain liquids/semi-liquids, commonly oils or suspensions.
What are granules
Agglomerated particles of powder, often for reconstruction into a liquid
What are lonzenges/tronches
Solid oral forms meant to dissolve slowly in the mouth for local effect on the throat
What are pellets
Small, sterile cylinders or spheres implanted under the skin for controlled drug release over extended periods
What are transdermal patches?
Solid forms delivering drugs through the skin into the bloodstream over time
Definition of solutions
Homogenous mixtures where the active ingredient is dissolved in a solvent
What are topical solutions?
Applied to the skin or mucous membranes
What are parenteral solutions
Sterile solutions administered by injection (e.g. intravenous, intramuscular)
What are ophthalmic solution
Sterile solutions for eye administration
What are suspensions
Heterogenous mixtures where insoluble drug particles are dispersed in a liquid
What are oral suspensions
For oral use, where particles settle over time and need shaking (e.g. antibiotic suspensions)
What are injectable suspensions
Sterile, injected formulations for slow-release drug delivery
Non-medicated syrups
Serve as vehicles for extemporaneous compounding
What are syrups
Concentrated, sweetened aqueous solutions, often used to mask the taste of drugs
What are elixirs
Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use
What are tinctures
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of plant extracts or chemical substances, usually for topical/ oral use
What are creams?
Semi-solid emulsions (oil-in-water/ water-in-oil) used topically
What are hydrophilic creams?
Water-based creams, non greasy
What are hydrophobic creams?
Oil-based, provide an occlusive effect on the skin
What are ointments?
Greasy semisolid forms, generally hydrophobic for local application
What are hydrocarbon ointments?
Use paraffin as a base, providing occlusion (vaseline)
What are gels?
Transparent or translucent semisolids containing drugs in a gelatinous base
What are pastes?
Very thick semisolid preparations with a high proportion of solids, used externally
Uses for Zinc oxide pastes
Commonly used for diaper rash or wound healing
What are foams?
Semisolid dosage forms that expand into foam upon dispensing, often for topical or vaginal use (like contraceptive foams)
What are plasters?
Solid adhesive patches containing drugs for localised drug release on the skin(medicated plasters for pain relief)
What are aerosols?
Pressurised dosage forms that release a drug as a fine mist/ spray upon activation
What are metered-dose inhalers (MDI’s)
Devices that deliver a specific dose of medication to the lungs via inhalation (bronchodilators)
What are Topical Aerosols?
Sprays applied to the skin (e.g. antiseptic sprays)
What are Inhalers?
Devices used to administer drugs as vapors or aerosols to the respiratory tract
What are dry powder inhalers
Inhalers that deliver powdered medications without the need for a proppelant vbbbcx
What are soft mist inhalers (SMI)
Inhalers that generate a slow-moving mist for better lung deposition
what are nebulizers
Devices that convert liquid medication into a fine mist, inhaled via a mouthpiece for respiratory conditions
What is/are advanced DDS
Innovative ways to improve how drugs are delivered
Some examples of DDS’s (3)
-Magnetic nanoparticles
-Micelles
-Nanacapsules
-Nanoshells
-Liposomes
-Dendrimers
