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CSB340 > Introduction to disaster health management > Flashcards

Introduction to disaster health management Flashcards

1
Q

Note: “big picture” challenges

What are the two challenges of disaster health management?

A
  • Care for the health and wellbeing of the community
  • Keep health services operating
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2
Q

Name four common elements in the many definitions of ‘disaster’.

A
  • Demand > supply
  • Outside help needed
  • Disruption of intrastructure
  • Extraordinary event
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3
Q

What is the definition of disaster according to United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction?

A

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ablity of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

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4
Q

What is the definition of disaster according to Emergency Management Australia?

A

A serious disruption to community life which threatens or causes death or injury in that community, and damage to property which is beyond the day-to-day capacity of the prescribed statutory authorities and which requires special mobilisation and organisation of resources other than those normally available to those authorities.

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5
Q

What is the definition of disaster according to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)?

A

A situation or event that overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request at the national or international level for external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.

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6
Q

What is the definition of a major incident?

A

Any incident where the location, number, severity, or type of live casualties requires extraordinary resources.

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7
Q

What is the definition of a mass casualty incident?

A

An incident where, in the first instance, casualties outnumber the trained responders, and where the local health intrastructure is unable to cope.

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8
Q

What is the definition of disaster management?

A

A function across society involving policy that directs planning, preparation, mitigation, and response and recovery arrangements.

Note: PPRR is incorporated into this statement.

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9
Q

What is the definition of disaster health management?

A

The study and collaborative application of various health disciplines to the prevention of, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from the health problems arising from a disaster.

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10
Q

Disasters are relative to what four components?

A
  • Nature of the event
  • Resources available
  • Location
  • Time of day
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11
Q

List some reasons disasters are different from common emergency situations.

A
  • Number and variety of casualties
  • Initial disorder
  • Initial lack of resources
  • Effects on health system and community
  • Loss of infrastructure
  • Need for multidisciplinary teams
  • Multiplicity of tasks
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12
Q

Disasters require not just an increase in medical effort but also a different medical ____.

A

Approach.

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13
Q

What is the paradigm shift for paramedics in disasters?

A

From ‘all for one’ to ‘one for all’

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14
Q

What are the three elements of the concept model for disaster health?

A
  • System management
  • Clinical management (health of the person involved)
  • Public health (overall)
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15
Q

List some disaster management systems and structures.

A
  • Legislation
    • National
    • State/territory (specific and non-specific)
  • Committees
    • Local
    • State
  • Resources
    • Human resources
    • Intrastructure
    • Equipment
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16
Q

List the five groups with roles in disaster management

A
  • Government (provision of resources)
  • Government agencies
    • Police
    • Combat agencies i.e. fire, ambulance, health
    • EMQ, SES
  • Non-government organisations
  • Private sector organisations and individuals
  • Industry
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17
Q

What does Emergency Management Australia offer with regards to disaster management?

A
  • Policy advice
  • National standards
  • Education
  • Operational support
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18
Q

What does the State Emergency Service offer in terms of disaster management?

A
  • Supports professional emergency services
  • Provides immediate response
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19
Q

List the international perspectives of disasters.

A
  • International organisations and their roles
    • United Nations
    • World Health Organisation
    • International NGOs
  • Risk management (those who declare it safe to enter)
  • Mutual aid and assistance (AusMat, USAR)
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20
Q

Note: dictionary definition, not disaster-specific

What are principles?

A

A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behaviour or for a chain of reasoning.

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21
Q

What are the five disaster management principles?

A
  1. A prepared community (risk management approach)
  2. All agencies approach (agencies ready to respond if disaster occurs)
  3. All hazards approach (every hazard has to be considered and risk assessed)
  4. Comprehensive approach (prevention, preparedness, response, recovery)
  5. Building resilience (have a plan in place)
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22
Q

What often provides the most effective and decisive immediate relief in a disaster? Which disaster management principle is this part of?

A

Individual and community self help; part of the prepared community principle.

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23
Q

What do local government and organisations provide affected communities?

A

A basis for organising self help.

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24
Q

Explain the ‘all agencies approach’ principle.

A

All agencies likely to be involved in a disaster work together in both planning and response and recovery; the principle recognises that no single agency can prepare for and deal with a disaster.

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25
Q

What three elements are crucial to the all agencies approach?

A
  • Common rules
  • Role clarity
  • Multidisciplinary
26
Q

The all agencies approach recognises that…

A

No single agency can prepare for and deal with the disaster on its own.

27
Q

Explain the all hazards approach.

A

The commonalities among all types of disasters suggest that many of the same management strategies can apply to such emergencies. It encourages effective and consistent response to any disaster, regardless of the cause.

TL;DR - recognises that different hazards cause similar problems, so preparing for one covers most disaster types.

28
Q

What are the four elements of the comprehensive approach?

A
  • Prevention and mitigation
  • Preparedness
  • Response
  • Recovery, rehabilitation, and re-development
29
Q

What is done under the first element of the comprehensive approach (prevention and mitigation)?

A
  • Undertake a risk assessment
  • Develop activities which eliminate or reduce the likelihood or impact of a disaster
    • Avoid the risk or reduce the likelihood of the occurrence
    • Reduce the consequences, accept/retain the risk
30
Q

List some long term activities which reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters.

A
  • Building standards
  • Land use restrictions
  • Relocation
  • Safety improvements
  • Legislation
  • Public information
  • Community awareness
  • Education
31
Q

What is the key to reducing disaster losses in the long term?

A

Cost effective mitigation measures.

32
Q

What accounts for most of the second element of the comprehensive approach (preparedness)?

A

Developing plans

33
Q

What is done under the second element of the comprehensive approach (preparedness)?

A
  • Activities to anticipate what problems are likely to emerge in future disaster situations
  • Devise ways to address these problems and enhance ability to respond when a disaster occurs
34
Q

What three things must the second element of the comprehensive approach (preparedness) have in order to function?

A
  • Plans to respond
  • Trained personnel to respond
  • Resources with which to respond
35
Q

List some examples of the second element of the comprehensive approach (preparedness).

A
  • Community awareness and education
  • Disaster plans
  • Training and test exercises
  • Disaster communications
  • Mutual aid agreements
  • Warning systems
  • Resource inventories
  • Provision of special resources
  • Evacuation plans
36
Q

What is the hierarchy of plans in the second element of the comprehensive approach (preparedness)?

A
  • International plans and standards (in particular WHO)
  • National disaster plan (Comdisplan)
  • National plans for health in major incidents, including special plans (Austraumaplan)
  • Domestic Response Plan for Mass Casualty Incident of National Consequence (MCINC)
  • Local and organisational plans
  • Queensland State Disaster Management Plan (QAS SMID)
37
Q

Describe the integrated planning framework (flowchart).

A
38
Q

List the actions that come under the third element of the comprehensive response (response).

A
  • Implementing plans
  • Implementing disaster legislation
  • Issuing warnings
  • Activating disaster operations centers
  • Mobilising resources
  • Providing medical assistance
  • Providing immediate relief
  • Search and rescue
39
Q

What is the Response Management Framework and what is its purpose?

A

A set of principles that provides a framework for managing any event.

40
Q

List the eight C’s of the Response Management Framework.

A
  • Command
  • Control
  • Coordination
  • Communication
  • Clinical management
  • Containment
  • Continuity
  • Capability
41
Q

What is command as part of the eight C’s and in what direction does it operate?

A
  • The direction of members of an organisation in the performance of roles and tasks
  • Operates vertically within an organisation
42
Q

What is control as part of the eight C’s and in what direction does it operate?

A
  • Overall direction of emergency management activities in an emergency situation
  • Operates horizontally across organisations
43
Q

What is coordination as part of the eight C’s and in what direction/s does it operate?

A
  • The bringing together of organisations and elements to ensure an effective response, mainly concerned with systematic acquisition and application of resources in accordance with threat or impact
  • Operates both vertically and horizontally as functions of authority to command and control
44
Q

What are the three components of communication as part of the eight C’s?

A
  • The message
    • Clarity of message (pre-considered)
  • The means
    • Consider the vulnerability of normal channels
    • Remember ‘the runner’
  • The manner
    • Pathways of communication
45
Q

Note: understand concept, don’t memorise

What are the principles of clinical management as part of the eight C’s?

A
  • Triage - continuous and at critical points
  • Dx
  • Essential care
    • Individual care based on normal practice
    • Minimal care to ensure safety
    • Priority for life and limb protection
    • Clinical standards
    • Respiratory support
    • Circulatory support
  • Documentation
  • Family and contacts
  • Decontamination
  • Isolation
46
Q

What is continuity as part of the eight C’s and what is its purpose?

A

Maintenance of essential services; critical infrastructure underpins the delivery of essential services such as power, water, health, transport, food, communications, and banking.

47
Q

What actions promote continuity as part of the eight C’s?

A
  • Workforce protection with enhanced infection control, PPE, isolation of pts, and anti-viral agents
  • Access to business
  • Maintenance of the food supply
  • Creating capacity
  • Protecting essential services
48
Q

What are the three components of containment in a pandemic as part of the eight C’s?

A
  • Manage the site
  • Minimise secondary impact
    • Equipment, including PPE
  • Stop the spread
    • Vector control
    • Isolation and quarantine
    • Vaccination and antiviral prophylaxis
    • Border control
    • Social isolation
49
Q

What is capability as part of the eight C’s?

A

Increase and maintain the capability of the system to manage:

  • Secure supplies
  • Relieve people
  • Education
  • Stores and stockpiles
  • Information, awareness, and preparation of personnel
50
Q

True or false: imbalance between supply and demand can be prevented by increasing capability.

A
51
Q

What are the components of disaster scene management?

A
  • Scene safety (self and casualties)
  • Effective medical control
  • Efficient inter-agency coordination and communication
  • Access/rescue
  • Accurate triage
  • Selective clinical management
  • Transport resource maximisation
  • Appropriate patient distribution
52
Q

Note: understand concept, don’t memorise.

List some considerations regarding transport in a disaster/mass casualty event.

A
  • Right pt, right place, right time, by right means
  • Tx requires regulation and distribution: where and when
  • Distribute pts widely to prevent single institutions from becoming overwhelmed whilst others underutilised (if able to)
  • Tx pts by those services which normally do so
  • Quality of pt care during tx is usually more important than mode of tx
  • May require improvisation
53
Q

What are the requirements for a helicopter landing zone?

A

40m x 40m clear from trees and away from the triage area

54
Q

List some things addressed by recovery activities.

A
  • Reconstruction
  • Rehabilitation
  • Re-establishment
    • Demands across physical, social, emotional, psychological, environmental, and economic elements
55
Q

Note: understand concept, don’t memorise.

List some elements of recovery

A
  • Restore essential services
  • Community rehabilitation
  • Counselling
  • Temporary housing
  • Financial support or assistance
  • Health and safety information
  • Long-term medical care
  • Physical restoration/reconstruction
  • Public information
  • Conducting economic impact studies
56
Q

What is the aim of the fourth element of the comprehensive approach (recovery)?

A

To leave the community more resilient than before.

57
Q

What is the purpose of evaluation as part of recovery, and what is included?

A

To learn from experience

  • Equipment review
  • Debriefing
  • Review of plans
  • Documentation
  • Education and training
  • Research
  • Rehabilitation
  • Restoration of function
  • Safety assessment
  • Emotional impact
  • Recovery process
  • Research opportunities
58
Q

What is the definition of resilience with regard to disaster management?

A

The ability of a system, community, or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to, and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

59
Q

True or false: QAS is not the lead combat agency in a health emergency.

A
60
Q

EM-DAT distinguishes between two generic categories for disasters - what are they?

A

Natural and technological.

CSB340 (8 decks)

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