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Biology 106 2015 > Introduction to deuterostomes > Flashcards

Introduction to deuterostomes Flashcards

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0
Q

Deuterostomes

A

an animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore. mouth develops later

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1
Q

three major taxa (phyla)

A

Hemichordata
Echinodermata
Chordata

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2
Q

Name of common ancestor and charactetistics

A

Yunnanozoon

  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • segmentation
  • pharynx with slits
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3
Q

Hemichordates

A

worm-like marine animals

  • 3 part body plan (proboscis, collar, and trunk)
  • burrow in mud or sand in marine habitats have pharyngeal slits
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4
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

water enters mouth and exits via slits pharynx used for gas- exchange and respiration

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5
Q

Echinoderms

A

sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins

- all marine

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6
Q

Characteristics of echinoderms

A
  1. pentaradial symmetry (adult)
  2. water vascular system
  3. tube feet, spines
  4. endoskeleton of calcareou ossicles
  5. bilaterally symmetrical when they are larvae
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7
Q

Binmpimaria

A

early stage of echinoderms

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8
Q

Brachiolaria

A

later larvae stage

branchy

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9
Q

The sister taxa of protostomes

A

deuterostomes

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10
Q

pentaradial symmetry

A
  • unique to echinoderms

- body parts arranges radially in 5 or multiples of 5

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11
Q

water vascular system

A
  • unique to echinoderms
  • fluid filled canals and tube feet that function hydraulically for locomotion, feeding, and respiration
  • water enters through madreporite
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12
Q

tube feet and spine

A

tube feet usually in grooves
-function in locomotion and feeding

spines: projections on surface that function in protection, give echinoderms their name

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13
Q

endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles

A

may be fused (sea urchins and sand dollars)

-may be dispersed ( sea cucumbers and sea stars)

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14
Q

Ophiuriods

A
  • brittle stars
  • move by bending 5 flexible, articulated arms (tube feet not used for locomotion)
  • mostly suspension feeders, hold arms up to trap particles on sticky tube feet
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15
Q

Asteroids

A
  • sea stars
  • movie with tube feet
  • all predators
  • ecologically important
16
Q

reproduction in sea stars

A 
sexual
-separates sexes, mostly broadcast spawn
asexual
- regenerative ability
-can divide at central disc and regenerate missing have or regenerate a new individual from an arm
-larvae can reproduce through budding
17
Q

Echinoids

A

sea urchins

  • move with tube feet that extend between spines
  • large, movable spines for protection
  • herbivores, feed on large algae
18
Q

Holothuroids

A

sea cucumber/ sea pig

  • move via rows of tube feet on ventral side
  • suspension or deposit feeders; capture/collect particles with branching tube feet around the mouth
  • eviscerate to escape predators
19
Q

Crinoids

A

feather stars

  • oldest group of living echinoderms
  • sessile suspension feeders; catch particles on sticky tube feet extending from grooves on the “feathery” arms
20
Q

Chordata

A
  • all bilaterally symmetrical, coelomate and segmented

- monophyletic clade that includes vertebrates and 2 clades of invertebrates

21
Q

4 key traits of chordates

A
  1. notochord
  2. pharyngeal slits
  3. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
22
Q

notochord

A

flexible rod-like structure composed of large, fluid filled cells

23
Q

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

A

spinal chord in humans

24
Q

Muscular, post-anal tail

A

tail extends posterior to the anus

25
Q

Cephalochordata

A
  • invertebrate
  • all marine, look like tiny transparent fish
  • burrow in sediment with mouth sticking out
  • suspension feedes- draw water into mouth and through pharyngeal slits
26
Q

Urochordata

A
  • invertebrate
  • all marine, some sessile, others free-swimming
  • solitary and colonial species with tadpole-like larval stage
  • notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and post anal tail ONLY in larval stage
27
Q

3 clades of urochordata

A

ascidians
thaliaceans
larvaceans

28
Q

Ascidians

A

sea squirts

  • have secreted exoskeleton (tunic) of cellulose-like material
  • have a brachial basket (perforated pharynx), water enters through oral siphon, food filtered to digestive system, waste ejected from atrial siphon
  • tadpole larvae can swim, but adults are all sessile suspension feeders
29
Q

Thaliaceans

A

salps

  • like free-floating adult ascidians
  • some are solitary, others form enormous colonies
  • all are effective suspension feeders
30
Q

Larvaceans

A
  • like tadpole larvae (retain tail and notochord as adults)
  • live in mucus house they contruct
  • suspension feed by beating tail to pump water through house, food gets trapped in mucus, both food and mucus ingested
31
Q

Vertebrata

A

synapomorphy is vertebrae

32
Q

Characteristics of vertebrates

A
  1. jointed dorsal column
  2. anterior cranium (skull) with a large brain
  3. well developed circulatory system with a ventral heart
33
Q

Agnathans

A
  • hagfish and lamprey

- split off before evolution of jaws and mineralized skeleton

34
Q

Gnathostomes

A

have jaws and bones

35
Q

Hagfishes

A
  • skeleton and cranium of cartilage
  • no jaws, but tooth-like structures, made of protein, used to rasp tissue from dead organisms
  • marine scavengers
  • secrete tons of slime
36
Q

Lampreys

A
  • skeleton and cranium of cartiladge

- mostly parasites of fishes; attach and rasp at host tissue using tooth-like structures made of karatin

37
Q

true or false:

hemichordate is a chordate

A

false

Biology 106 2015 (9 decks)

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