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Biology 106 2015 > First Test > Flashcards

First Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How do cells, the lowest level of biological organization arise?

A

they all arose by division of a previous living cell. all cells come from previous cells

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1
Q

6 parts of the hierarchy of life

A

biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, multicellular organisms, and cell

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2
Q

cell division

A

the process by which a parent cell divides creating 2 or more daughter cells

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3
Q

whats the purpose of cell division?

A

development, growth, repair, and reproduction

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4
Q

what are the types of cell division

A

mitosis and meiosis

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5
Q

which cell division produces genetically identical cells?

A

mitosis

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6
Q

growth and asexual reproduction happens via

A

mitosis

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7
Q

reproductive cells undergo which kind of division?

A

meiosis

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8
Q

what phylum is the sea buscuit from?

A

echinodermata

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9
Q

what is our closest intervertebrate relative

A

sea biscuit which is part of the echinodermata phylum

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10
Q

what structures play a role in cell division

A

cells, chromosomes, dna, genes

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11
Q

what are histones

A

proteins that are around the dna “beads on a string”

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12
Q

what are the proteins that are part of the dna

A

histones

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13
Q

genes

A

basic unit of heredity that code for specific traits

Ex. eye color gene

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14
Q

ploidy

A

number of pairs of chromosomes in a cell

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15
Q

polyploid

A

more than two pairs of chromosomes

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16
Q

each chromosome in a diploid cell is part of a

A

homologous pair

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17
Q

true or false:

homologous chromosomes may be different versions?

A

true

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18
Q

paternal cell

A

chromosome of a homologous pair coming from the male parent

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19
Q

maternal cell

A

chromosome of a homologous pair that comes from maternal parent

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20
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells except reproductive cells

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21
Q

gametic cells

A

reproductive cells

egg and sperm

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22
Q

somatic cells undergo what kind of division

A

mitosis

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23
Q

what cell division do gametes go through

A

meiosis

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24
Q

somatic cell:

parents cell divides to form how many daughter cells?

A

2

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25
Q

gametes:

parent cell divides to form how many daughter cells

A

4

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26
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes

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27
Q

fertilization

A

2 haploid cells coming together to form one (zygote)

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28
Q

how does a single individual rise to a complex, multicellular organism?

A

mitosis

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29
Q

how does an individual give rise to another, completely unique individual?

A

meiosis

fetilization to unite gametes

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30
Q

for sexually reproducing organisms, genetically distinct gametes produced via meiosis to unite at

A

fertilization

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31
Q

How does the zygote develop and grow?

A

through mitosis

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32
Q

random fertilization

A

combination of gametes

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33
Q

random genetic variation

A
  • increases genetic variation
  • raw material on which evolution acts
  • the advantage of sexual reproduction
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34
Q

what allows a population to survive in changing environments?

A

genetic variation

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35
Q

In multicellular organisms, what does mitosis provide for them?

A

new cells for development, growth , regeneration, and repair

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36
Q

single celled organisms reproduce?

A

asexually via mitosis

-offspring are genetic ‘clones’ of the parent

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37
Q

in meiosis, how many chromosomes do they have?

A

half of the parent’s chromosomes so 23

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38
Q

life has existed for how many years?

A

3.6 billion years

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39
Q

how many species are on earth?

A

8.7 million

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40
Q

what do living organisms share that set them apart from nonliving matter?

A

a set of characteristics:
chemical instruction, engage in metabolic activity, energy flows through living organisms, they respond to change in the external environment, populations of living organims change from one generation to the next, and they reproduce and develop

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41
Q

what kind of chemical instruction do living organisms have

A

dna

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42
Q

how do living organisms engage in metabolic activity

A

metabolism like photosynthesis

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43
Q

how does energy flow through living organisms

A

through trophic levels

-producers to consumers

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44
Q

how much energy is passed on to the next trophic level?

A

10%

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45
Q

how do living organisms respond to change in the external environment

A

they detect environmental change and they compensate for change
they maintain stability of internal environment in responses to changes in external conditions

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46
Q

homeostasis

A

same state

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47
Q

how do populations of living organisms change from one generation to the next

A

through evolution

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48
Q

what are 2 important drivers of evolutionary change:

A
  1. selection for particular traits

2. occurrence of random favorable mutations

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49
Q

True or false:
if adaptive, particular traits/ mutations may not be passed on to offspring and may not increase in frequency within a population over time

A

false

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50
Q

how do living organisms deal with reprodcution and development

A

all able to develop in their own way

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51
Q

taxonomy

A

an early branch of science to identify , name, and classify species

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52
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

each type of organisms identified by 2 part scientific name

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53
Q

species

A

all individuals that have similar structure, biochemistry, behavior, and can interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring

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54
Q

genus

A

group of similar species that share recent common ancestry

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55
Q

taxonomic hierarchy

A

species, genus,family, class, phylums, kingdon,domain

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56
Q

what’s wrong with the taxonomi hierarchy traditional classification scheme?

A

its hierarchical, but it doesn not reflect evolutionary history

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57
Q

Darwin’s branching evolution

A

organims may be related to eachother through shared ancestry

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58
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary relationships

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59
Q

why do biologists construct phylogenetic trees?

A

to detremine relatedness and time elapsed since divergence from a common ancestor

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60
Q

how do biologists construct phylogenetic trees?

A

based on similarities in genetic sequences

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61
Q

what are the 3 main domains

A

eukarya, bacteria, and archaea

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62
Q

systematics

A

classifies biodiversity according to evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)

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63
Q

r———_______———-

what does r represent in a phylogenetic tree?

A

the root of the tree which is the common ancestor of all the terminal taxa in the tree

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64
Q

terminal taxa

A

the organisms whose relationships you’re trying to understand

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65
Q

taxon

A

any group that forms a unit interest

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66
Q

nodes

A

the most recent common ancestor of the taxa it connects; also where lineages diverse

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67
Q

lineage

A

a sequence of species that form a line of descent

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68
Q

divergence axis

A

the relative timing of splitting events; sometimes it is called “calibrated” to show absolute time

69
Q

clade

A

a taxon that includes common ancestor and all of its descendants

70
Q

2 taxa that are each others closest relatives are

A

sister taxa

71
Q

dichotomous

A

either/ or

72
Q

anagenesis

A

gradual change in a lineages over time

73
Q

cladogenesis

A

evolution of an ancestor species into 2 descendant species

74
Q

monophyletic taxon

A

comprises one clade- an ancestral species and all of its descendants

75
Q

paraphyletic taxon

A

includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

76
Q

polyphyletic taxon

A

includes taxa from different clades, but not their most recent common ancestor

77
Q

homologies

A

traits similar due to shared ancestors

78
Q

homoplasies

A

traits evolved independently in different lineages

79
Q

homologous morphological traits are

A
  • similar in anatomical detail

- originate from the same embryonic tissues and grow in similar ways

80
Q

are wings in bats and birds homologous or homoplasies?

A

homoplasie

81
Q

developmental

A
  • earliest life stages of organisms may provide only evidence of its evolutionary relationships
  • protostomes and deuterostomes
82
Q

protostome

A

mouth first

83
Q

deuterostome

A

mouth second

84
Q

behavioral

A
  • can be reliable indicators of relationships

- 2 different species of tree frogs used distinctive mating calls to attract females

85
Q

molecular

A

-shared sequence of dna and rna used to infer evolutionary relationships

86
Q

how can we identify the one phylogeny that shows the actual history of diversification?

A

cladistics

87
Q

cladistic

A

classification system that infers diversification of species by comparing character states

88
Q

synaomorphy

A

derived state shared by 2 or more taxa

-jaws, lungs, claws, scales, feathers

89
Q

WHat might explain the close evolutionary relationship between birds and crocs?

A

shared derived behavior

-parental care

90
Q

loss of complexity

A

some insects lost wings

-penguins lost their ability to fly

91
Q

how do complex traits evolve

A

independently (homoplasies)

92
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • single celled organisms that lack a nucleus

- some cellular differences

93
Q

some archaea are what?

A

extremophiles

94
Q

extremophiles

A

organisms that like to live in extreme environments

95
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • includes animals, plants, fungi and protists

- may be single celled or multicellular in construction

96
Q

bacteria and archaea have prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes

97
Q

what are the shapes that prokaryotes may appear as

A

rods (bacillus) , spheres (coccus), spirals

98
Q

where is the dna located in a prokaryote

A

nucleoid

99
Q

the polysacchride capsule

A
  • sticky

- allows prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces- coating microbial communities called biofilm

100
Q

fimbriae

A

short hair like structures for attachingto substrates or to eachother

101
Q

pili

A

long hair like structure for attahing to eachother to exchange genes

102
Q

biofilm

A

bacteria produce a 3d extracellular matrix

103
Q

why are biofilms important?

A

form and grow on any surface exposed to fluid

104
Q

how do prokaryotes communicate

A

individuals detect and respond to chemicals released by other microbes

105
Q

quorum sensing

A

system of stimulus and response correlated to pop density

106
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

through binary fission

107
Q

how does genetic variation in prokaryotic populations arise?

A

mutation, genetic recombination

108
Q

the 3 ways prokaryotes can receive dna

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

109
Q

transformation

A

an individual picks up prokaryotic dna from the environment

110
Q

transduction

A

a virus injects its dna into an individual bacterium

111
Q

conjugation

A

a bacteria gets dna from another bacterium of the same or of a different species

112
Q

bacterial cells connect via what

A

pilus

113
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

movement of dna between individuals od different species

114
Q

true or false:

prokaryotes are not super diverse in morphology

A

true

115
Q

true or false:

prokaryotes are not diverse in metabolism

A

false

116
Q

autotrophs

A

make their own food (photosynthesis)

117
Q

heterotrophs

A

must feed on organic matter from other organisms

118
Q

photoautotrophs

A

carry out photosynthesis

119
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

carry out photosynthesis and also eat

120
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

energy source: chemical compunds like hydrogen sulfide

121
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

organic compounds made by or available in other organisms

122
Q

pathogenic

A

disease causing

123
Q

most pathogenic bacteria are gram + or -?

A

-

124
Q

gram positive

A
  • purple

- thick cell walls

125
Q

gram negative

A
  • disease causing
  • thinner cell walls
  • has capsule
126
Q

actinobacteria

A

group of gram + bacteria, some exhibit elaborate branching

-tb is an example of one

127
Q

staphylococci

A

pathogenic of gram +

-food poisoning

128
Q

mycoplasmas

A

smallest cellular organisms known

129
Q

clostridium

A

bacterium produces neurotoxin that causes botulism

130
Q

botulism

A

paralysis and death

131
Q

largest group of bacteria

A

all gram -

132
Q

cyanobacteria

A
  • gram - but not pathogenic

- helpful to the environment

133
Q

chlamydia

A

cause of most stds

134
Q

spirochates

A

borrelia, spiral shaped bacteria that can cause lyme disease

135
Q

crenarchaeota

A
  • archaea
  • thermophilic
  • some acidophilic
136
Q

euryarcheota

A
  • methanogens

- cows

137
Q

halophiles

A

like salt

138
Q

korarchaeota

A

genetically distinct from other archaea

139
Q

nanoarchaeota

A

-only a few known

140
Q

importance of prakaryotes

A
  1. key players in element cycling
    - carbong cycling
    - nitrogen cycling
  2. important in symbiotic relationships
141
Q

symbiosis

A

live together

142
Q

what kind ofgram - bacterium was engulfed to become mitochondria?

A

member of proteobacteria clade

143
Q

whats primary production

A

process of producing energy rich organic compounds from inorganic materials in the environment

144
Q

phytoplankton

A

phyto- plant plankton- wanderer

145
Q

phytoplankton produces most of the worlds?

A

oxygen

146
Q

zooplankton

A

zoo- animal plankton-wanderer

147
Q

in moist terrestrial soils, protists are important

A

decomposers

-slimemolds

148
Q

parasitic

A

living on or in a host organism

-spirochonda

149
Q

endosymbionts

A

inside living together

150
Q

dinoflagellates

A

endosymbionts of corals

151
Q

causes of harmful algal blooms

A

excess of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)

152
Q

what causes malaria

A

plasmodium

153
Q

bikonta

A

2 flagellae

154
Q

unikonta

A

1 flagella

155
Q

rhodophyta

A

red algae
use chlorophyll as main photosynthetic pigment
mostrly marine

156
Q

nori

A

seaweed

157
Q

agar

A

polysaccharide

158
Q

chlorophyta

A

green alage

-photosyntheic pigments a and b

159
Q

coencytic

A

one giant cell

160
Q

chromalveolates

A

includes 2 clades:

stramenopilia, alveolatas

161
Q

stramenophiles

A

from unicellular diatoms to giant multicellular kelp

162
Q

alveolata

A

unicellular microscopic dinoflagellates

163
Q

bacillariophyta

A

diatoms are microscopic, unicellular photoplankton

-primary producers in aquatic habitats

164
Q

pnematocysts

A

gas bladders in large blades of kelp

165
Q

trumpet cells

A

elongated cells joined end to end transport photosyntates through kelp

166
Q

dinoflagellates

A

90% are marines

micro organisms

167
Q

amoebas

A
  • unicellular w/lobe shaped pseudopods

- mostly heterotrophic

168
Q

slime molds

A

amoeboid-like protists aggregate to form complex multicellular structures

169
Q

opisthokonts

A

eukaryotic clade that includes fungi, animals, and protists

170
Q

choanoflagellates

A

-aquatic
-unicellular (some capable of forming colonies)
-sister of all animals
sister taxa of all animals

Biology 106 2015 (9 decks)

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