First Test Flashcards
0
Q
How do cells, the lowest level of biological organization arise?
A
they all arose by division of a previous living cell. all cells come from previous cells
1
Q
6 parts of the hierarchy of life
A
biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, multicellular organisms, and cell
2
Q
cell division
A
the process by which a parent cell divides creating 2 or more daughter cells
3
Q
whats the purpose of cell division?
A
development, growth, repair, and reproduction
4
Q
what are the types of cell division
A
mitosis and meiosis
5
Q
which cell division produces genetically identical cells?
A
mitosis
6
Q
growth and asexual reproduction happens via
A
mitosis
7
Q
reproductive cells undergo which kind of division?
A
meiosis
8
Q
what phylum is the sea buscuit from?
A
echinodermata
9
Q
what is our closest intervertebrate relative
A
sea biscuit which is part of the echinodermata phylum
10
Q
what structures play a role in cell division
A
cells, chromosomes, dna, genes
11
Q
what are histones
A
proteins that are around the dna “beads on a string”
12
Q
what are the proteins that are part of the dna
A
histones
13
Q
genes
A
basic unit of heredity that code for specific traits
Ex. eye color gene
14
Q
ploidy
A
number of pairs of chromosomes in a cell
15
Q
polyploid
A
more than two pairs of chromosomes
16
Q
each chromosome in a diploid cell is part of a
A
homologous pair
17
Q
true or false:
homologous chromosomes may be different versions?
A
true
18
Q
paternal cell
A
chromosome of a homologous pair coming from the male parent
19
Q
maternal cell
A
chromosome of a homologous pair that comes from maternal parent
20
Q
somatic cells
A
body cells except reproductive cells
21
Q
gametic cells
A
reproductive cells
egg and sperm
22
Q
somatic cells undergo what kind of division
A
mitosis
23
Q
what cell division do gametes go through
A
meiosis
24
somatic cell:
| parents cell divides to form how many daughter cells?
2
25
gametes:
| parent cell divides to form how many daughter cells
4
26
crossing over
exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes
27
fertilization
2 haploid cells coming together to form one (zygote)
28
how does a single individual rise to a complex, multicellular organism?
mitosis
29
how does an individual give rise to another, completely unique individual?
meiosis
| fetilization to unite gametes
30
for sexually reproducing organisms, genetically distinct gametes produced via meiosis to unite at
fertilization
31
How does the zygote develop and grow?
through mitosis
32
random fertilization
combination of gametes
33
random genetic variation
- increases genetic variation
- raw material on which evolution acts
- the advantage of sexual reproduction
34
what allows a population to survive in changing environments?
genetic variation
35
In multicellular organisms, what does mitosis provide for them?
new cells for development, growth , regeneration, and repair
36
single celled organisms reproduce?
asexually via mitosis
| -offspring are genetic 'clones' of the parent
37
in meiosis, how many chromosomes do they have?
half of the parent's chromosomes so 23
38
life has existed for how many years?
3.6 billion years
39
how many species are on earth?
8.7 million
40
what do living organisms share that set them apart from nonliving matter?
a set of characteristics:
chemical instruction, engage in metabolic activity, energy flows through living organisms, they respond to change in the external environment, populations of living organims change from one generation to the next, and they reproduce and develop
41
what kind of chemical instruction do living organisms have
dna
42
how do living organisms engage in metabolic activity
metabolism like photosynthesis
43
how does energy flow through living organisms
through trophic levels
| -producers to consumers
44
how much energy is passed on to the next trophic level?
10%
45
how do living organisms respond to change in the external environment
they detect environmental change and they compensate for change
they maintain stability of internal environment in responses to changes in external conditions
46
homeostasis
same state
47
how do populations of living organisms change from one generation to the next
through evolution
48
what are 2 important drivers of evolutionary change:
1. selection for particular traits
| 2. occurrence of random favorable mutations
49
True or false:
if adaptive, particular traits/ mutations may not be passed on to offspring and may not increase in frequency within a population over time
false
50
how do living organisms deal with reprodcution and development
all able to develop in their own way
51
taxonomy
an early branch of science to identify , name, and classify species
52
binomial nomenclature
each type of organisms identified by 2 part scientific name
53
species
all individuals that have similar structure, biochemistry, behavior, and can interbreed to produce viable fertile offspring
54
genus
group of similar species that share recent common ancestry
55
taxonomic hierarchy
species, genus,family, class, phylums, kingdon,domain
56
what's wrong with the taxonomi hierarchy traditional classification scheme?
its hierarchical, but it doesn not reflect evolutionary history
57
Darwin's branching evolution
organims may be related to eachother through shared ancestry
58
phylogeny
evolutionary relationships
59
why do biologists construct phylogenetic trees?
to detremine relatedness and time elapsed since divergence from a common ancestor
60
how do biologists construct phylogenetic trees?
based on similarities in genetic sequences
61
what are the 3 main domains
eukarya, bacteria, and archaea
62
systematics
classifies biodiversity according to evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)
63
r---------_______----------
| what does r represent in a phylogenetic tree?
the root of the tree which is the common ancestor of all the terminal taxa in the tree
64
terminal taxa
the organisms whose relationships you're trying to understand
65
taxon
any group that forms a unit interest
66
nodes
the most recent common ancestor of the taxa it connects; also where lineages diverse
67
lineage
a sequence of species that form a line of descent
68
divergence axis
the relative timing of splitting events; sometimes it is called "calibrated" to show absolute time
69
clade
a taxon that includes common ancestor and all of its descendants
70
2 taxa that are each others closest relatives are
sister taxa
71
dichotomous
either/ or
72
anagenesis
gradual change in a lineages over time
73
cladogenesis
evolution of an ancestor species into 2 descendant species
74
monophyletic taxon
comprises one clade- an ancestral species and all of its descendants
75
paraphyletic taxon
includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
76
polyphyletic taxon
includes taxa from different clades, but not their most recent common ancestor
77
homologies
traits similar due to shared ancestors
78
homoplasies
traits evolved independently in different lineages
79
homologous morphological traits are
- similar in anatomical detail
| - originate from the same embryonic tissues and grow in similar ways
80
are wings in bats and birds homologous or homoplasies?
homoplasie
81
developmental
- earliest life stages of organisms may provide only evidence of its evolutionary relationships
- protostomes and deuterostomes
82
protostome
mouth first
83
deuterostome
mouth second
84
behavioral
- can be reliable indicators of relationships
| - 2 different species of tree frogs used distinctive mating calls to attract females
85
molecular
-shared sequence of dna and rna used to infer evolutionary relationships
86
how can we identify the one phylogeny that shows the actual history of diversification?
cladistics
87
cladistic
classification system that infers diversification of species by comparing character states
88
synaomorphy
derived state shared by 2 or more taxa
| -jaws, lungs, claws, scales, feathers
89
WHat might explain the close evolutionary relationship between birds and crocs?
shared derived behavior
| -parental care
90
loss of complexity
some insects lost wings
| -penguins lost their ability to fly
91
how do complex traits evolve
independently (homoplasies)
92
prokaryotes
- single celled organisms that lack a nucleus
| - some cellular differences
93
some archaea are what?
extremophiles
94
extremophiles
organisms that like to live in extreme environments
95
eukaryotes
- includes animals, plants, fungi and protists
| - may be single celled or multicellular in construction
96
bacteria and archaea have prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
prokaryotes
97
what are the shapes that prokaryotes may appear as
rods (bacillus) , spheres (coccus), spirals
98
where is the dna located in a prokaryote
nucleoid
99
the polysacchride capsule
- sticky
| - allows prokaryotes to adhere to surfaces- coating microbial communities called biofilm
100
fimbriae
short hair like structures for attachingto substrates or to eachother
101
pili
long hair like structure for attahing to eachother to exchange genes
102
biofilm
bacteria produce a 3d extracellular matrix
103
why are biofilms important?
form and grow on any surface exposed to fluid
104
how do prokaryotes communicate
individuals detect and respond to chemicals released by other microbes
105
quorum sensing
system of stimulus and response correlated to pop density
106
how do prokaryotes reproduce
through binary fission
107
how does genetic variation in prokaryotic populations arise?
mutation, genetic recombination
108
the 3 ways prokaryotes can receive dna
transformation, transduction, conjugation
109
transformation
an individual picks up prokaryotic dna from the environment
110
transduction
a virus injects its dna into an individual bacterium
111
conjugation
a bacteria gets dna from another bacterium of the same or of a different species
112
bacterial cells connect via what
pilus
113
horizontal gene transfer
movement of dna between individuals od different species
114
true or false:
| prokaryotes are not super diverse in morphology
true
115
true or false:
| prokaryotes are not diverse in metabolism
false
116
autotrophs
make their own food (photosynthesis)
117
heterotrophs
must feed on organic matter from other organisms
118
photoautotrophs
carry out photosynthesis
119
photoheterotrophs
carry out photosynthesis and also eat
120
chemoautotrophs
energy source: chemical compunds like hydrogen sulfide
121
chemoheterotrophs
organic compounds made by or available in other organisms
122
pathogenic
disease causing
123
most pathogenic bacteria are gram + or -?
-
124
gram positive
- purple
| - thick cell walls
125
gram negative
- disease causing
- thinner cell walls
- has capsule
126
actinobacteria
group of gram + bacteria, some exhibit elaborate branching
| -tb is an example of one
127
staphylococci
pathogenic of gram +
| -food poisoning
128
mycoplasmas
smallest cellular organisms known
129
clostridium
bacterium produces neurotoxin that causes botulism
130
botulism
paralysis and death
131
largest group of bacteria
all gram -
132
cyanobacteria
- gram - but not pathogenic
| - helpful to the environment
133
chlamydia
cause of most stds
134
spirochates
borrelia, spiral shaped bacteria that can cause lyme disease
135
crenarchaeota
- archaea
- thermophilic
- some acidophilic
136
euryarcheota
- methanogens
| - cows
137
halophiles
like salt
138
korarchaeota
genetically distinct from other archaea
139
nanoarchaeota
-only a few known
140
importance of prakaryotes
1. key players in element cycling
- carbong cycling
- nitrogen cycling
2. important in symbiotic relationships
141
symbiosis
live together
142
what kind ofgram - bacterium was engulfed to become mitochondria?
member of proteobacteria clade
143
whats primary production
process of producing energy rich organic compounds from inorganic materials in the environment
144
phytoplankton
phyto- plant plankton- wanderer
145
phytoplankton produces most of the worlds?
oxygen
146
zooplankton
zoo- animal plankton-wanderer
147
in moist terrestrial soils, protists are important
decomposers
| -slimemolds
148
parasitic
living on or in a host organism
| -spirochonda
149
endosymbionts
inside living together
150
dinoflagellates
endosymbionts of corals
151
causes of harmful algal blooms
excess of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
152
what causes malaria
plasmodium
153
bikonta
2 flagellae
154
unikonta
1 flagella
155
rhodophyta
red algae
use chlorophyll as main photosynthetic pigment
mostrly marine
156
nori
seaweed
157
agar
polysaccharide
158
chlorophyta
green alage
| -photosyntheic pigments a and b
159
coencytic
one giant cell
160
chromalveolates
includes 2 clades:
| stramenopilia, alveolatas
161
stramenophiles
from unicellular diatoms to giant multicellular kelp
162
alveolata
unicellular microscopic dinoflagellates
163
bacillariophyta
diatoms are microscopic, unicellular photoplankton
| -primary producers in aquatic habitats
164
pnematocysts
gas bladders in large blades of kelp
165
trumpet cells
elongated cells joined end to end transport photosyntates through kelp
166
dinoflagellates
90% are marines
| micro organisms
167
amoebas
- unicellular w/lobe shaped pseudopods
| - mostly heterotrophic
168
slime molds
amoeboid-like protists aggregate to form complex multicellular structures
169
opisthokonts
eukaryotic clade that includes fungi, animals, and protists
170
choanoflagellates
-aquatic
-unicellular (some capable of forming colonies)
-sister of all animals
sister taxa of all animals
