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Biology 106 2015 > Evolutionary Mechanisms Part 2 > Flashcards

Evolutionary Mechanisms Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

microevolution

A

change in a population!

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2
Q

macroevolution

A

speciation

-extinction of dinosaurs

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3
Q

mutation

A
  • only mechanisms that produce new alleles

- random but natural selection edits them

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4
Q

quantitative

A
  • traits on a continuum

- ex. height and weight

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5
Q

qualitative

A
  • yes/no traits
  • either you have it or you don’t
  • dimples, albinism, widow’s peak
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6
Q

natural selection

A

differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on heritable variations in their phenotypes

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7
Q

gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a trait

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8
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits

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9
Q

genotype

A

genetic make-up

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10
Q

allele

A

versions of a gene

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11
Q

gene pool

A

all genetic information within a population

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12
Q

recessive

A

allele masked by a dominant gene

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13
Q

dominant

A

allele that if inherited, is always expressed

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14
Q

population

A

all individuals of a single species that live together in one place and time

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15
Q

species

A

group that can potentially interbreed and produce viable offspring

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16
Q

mechanisms of evolution

A
  • mutations
  • gene flow
  • genetic drift
  • natural selection
  • nonrandom mating (sexual selection and artificial selection
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17
Q

Genetic drift

A

a totally random event that causes the allele frequency in a population to change unpredictably

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18
Q

genetic drift key point:

A
  • totally random:as opposed to natural selection, which is not random
  • although genetic drift is an evolutionary mechanism it doesn’t produce adaptation
  • reduces genetic variation
    • the fewer copies of an allele present in a population (the more rare the alleles) then the greater effect genetic drift will have
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19
Q

True or false:

small population size means the loss of just a small number of alleles means the loss of a large amount in diversity

A

true

20
Q

circumstances in genetic drift

A
  • founder effect

- bottleneck effect

21
Q

population bottleneck

A

when the population goes through a huge change that drastically reduces population, there will be a change in the frequency of alleles
-caused by catastrophes, manmade or natural

22
Q

founder effect

A

a special type of bottleneck when a small number of a population splinter off
-can be a driving force in development of new species

23
Q

gene flow

A
  • the movement of alleles from one population to another
  • new genes flow into existing populations
  • migration
  • pollen dispersal
  • one population becomes 2 populations
    • natural barriers
    • manmade barriers
24
Q

cladogenesis

A

evolution that results in the splitting of a lineage

25
Q

anagenesis

A

evolution within a lineage

26
Q

speciation

A

the generation of a reproductively isolated species

27
Q

artificial selection

A
  • when humans mess with nature
  • humans breeding certain plants or animals for certain traits
    • domesticity, food production, size, type
    • bred for work
28
Q

inbreeding

A

breeding of related organisms, tends to multiply recessive

29
Q

out crossing

A

breeding of completely unrelated organisms

30
Q

line breeding

A

milder form of inbreeding, a fluid term depending on species

31
Q

hybrid vigor

A

strength in selective outcrossing

32
Q

sexual selection

A

non random mating

33
Q

hermaphrodite

A

both sexes in one organism

34
Q

gender

A

the behavior, appearance, and life history of a sexed body

35
Q

sex

A

refers to size of the gametes.

  • male sperm=small
  • female egg= big
36
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves

37
Q

why do organisms have sex?

A
  • facilitates sharing
  • is used for reconciliation of disputes
  • helps integrate new members to a society
  • used to form coalitions
  • is a commodity that can be traded
  • used for reproducing
38
Q

how does sex benefit organisms?

A
  • maintains variability in a population
  • DNA repair
  • allows for mutation which leads to variations like crossing over, independent assortment, and sexual reproduction
39
Q

2 ways sexual selection is mediated

A
  • intrasexual selection

- intersexual selection

40
Q

intrasexual selection

A
  • fight each other, within one sex
  • sperm competition to make more sperm
  • prolonged copulation: stay hooked to females so no other male can get access
  • sperm is cheap and eggs are to take care of
  • females can be choosy
41
Q

intersexual selection

A

interaction between sexes

42
Q

infanticide

A

kill the other males’ offspring

43
Q

copulatory plugs

A

plug females to prevent other males from copulating

44
Q

alternative strategies to doing it

A
  • small males sneak in and deposit sperm

- males will act like and/or look like a female to sneak past other males

45
Q

hypotheses for choosy females

A
  • sexy son hypothesis: they want their sons to be good looking
  • good gene hypothesis: their offspring will have a better chance at survival and reproducing

Biology 106 2015 (9 decks)

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