Introduction to Computer Graphics and Visual Computing Flashcards
Mathematics and Algorithms that define 2D and 3D Geometric Objects
Geometric Modeling
Methods for creating graphics data via user input
Human Computer Interaction
Math, physics and algorithms that specify how light interacts with matter
Lighting and Shading
Algorithms that take geometry, lighting, shading and viewing information
and generate an image
Rendering
Techniques for visually communicating and exploring scientific, medical or
abstract data
Visualization and Visual Analytics
Study of how humans perceive light and information
Perception
Using physics to make models move
Simulation
Designing software and hardware systems to implement graphics
algorithms
Software and Hardware
is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer, widely regarded
as a pioneer of computer graphics.
Ivan Edward Sutherland
Lossy, jaggies when
transforming, good for
photos.
Raster
Non-lossy, smooth when
scaling, good for line art and
diagrams.
Vector
the operation of most video
monitors was based on the standard
cathode-ray tube (CRT) design
have become significantly more popular due to their reduced power consumption and thinner designs
flat-panel displays
the frequency at which a picture is redrawn on the screen is referred to as the
refresh rate
how long they continue to emit light (that is, how long it is before all excited electrons have returned to the ground state) after the CRT beam is removed.
persistence
is defined as the time that it takes the emitted light from the screen to decay to one‐tenth of its original intensity
persistence
The maximum number of points that can be displayed without overlap on a CRT is referred to as the
resolution
The most common type of graphics monitor employing a CRT is the
raster-scan display
In a raster‐scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one
row at a time, from
top to bottom
Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the
refresh buffer or frame buffer
refers to the total screen area
frame
Each row in a raster-scan display is referred to as a
scan line
Each screen spot that can be illuminated by the electron beam is referred to as a
pixel or pel
Since the refresh buffer is used to store the set of screen color values, it is also sometimes called a
color buffer
Also, other kinds of pixel information, besides color, are stored in buffer locations, so all the different buffer areas are sometimes referred to collectively as the
frame buffer
which is now often defined as the number of pixel columns divided by the number of
scan lines that can be displayed by the system
Aspect ratio
can also be described as the number of
horizontal points to vertical points (or vice versa) necessary to produce equal‐length lines in both directions on the screen.
Aspect ratio
HDTV, Widescreen, Smartphone (Horizontal) Aspect Ratio
16:9
Smartphones (Vertical)
9:16
Widescreen Computer Displays
16:10
The number of bits per pixel in a frame buffer is sometimes referred to as either the
depth
A frame buffer with one bit per pixel is commonly called a
bitmap
a frame buffer with multiple bits per pixel is a
pixmap
displays color pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit
different‐colored light
CRT monitor
The beam‐penetration method, typically used only two phosphor layers:
red and green
are commonly used in raster‐scan systems (including color TV) because they produce a much wider range of colors than the beam penetration method
Shadow‐mask methods
Color CRTs in graphics systems are designed as
RGB monitors
High‐quality raster‐graphics systems have
24 bits per pixel in the frame buffer
An RGB color system with 24 bits of storage per pixel is generally referred to as a
full‐color system or a true‐color system.
refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power requirements compared to a CRT
flat‐panel display
are devices that convert electrical energy into light
The emissive displays (or emitters)
use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns.
Nonemissive displays (or nonemitters)
Plasma panels, also called
gas‐discharge displays
are constructed by filling the region between two glass plates with a mixture of gases that usually includes neon
Plasma panels
are commonly used in small systems, such as laptop computers and calculators.
Liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs)
a special‐purpose processor, called the
video controller or display
controller
