Introduction To Cells

Question 1

Name the different of DNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 1

Prokaryotes = No nucleus, DNA is in a NUCLEOID

Eukaryotes = cells have MEMBRANE BOUND compartments within the cell

Question 2

Yeasts and Protists are types of ______________. All prokaryotic are.

Answer 2

Yeasts and Protists are types of MICROORGANISMS. All prokaryotic are.

Question 3

Prokaryotes are divided into two groups _______ and ________.

Answer 3

Prokaryotes are divided into two groups ARCHAEA and BACTERIA.

Question 4

What are the four groups of archaea?

Answer 4

1. CRENarchaeota
   2.EURYarchaeota
   3.KORAarchaeota
2. NANOarchaeota

Question 5

CRENarchaeota can survive in _______ environment

Such as ____philic or ______philic

Grow best at pH ____

Main internal pH of _______

Answer 5

CRENarchaeota can survive in EXTREME environment

Such as THERMOphilic or ACIDOphilic

Grow best at pH 2-3

Main internal pH of 5.5-7

Question 6

EURYarchaeota produce ________ by reducing _______ such as ________. They live in the guts of __________ (cows).

Some are extreme ____ lovers ( ____philes)

Answer 6

EURYarchaeota produce METHANE by reducing CARBON DIOXIDE such as METHANOGENS. They live in the guts of RUMINANTS (cows).

Some are extreme SALT lovers ( HALOphiles)

Question 7

Korarchaeota DNA initially identified in ___________ environments such as ______________ and ______________

Research is challenging because ___________ in pure culture is difficult to grow

Answer 7

Korarchaeota DNA initially identified in HOT TEMPERATURE environments such as HYDROTHERMAL VENTS andHOT SPRINGS

Research is challenging because ISOLATION in pure culture is difficult to grow

Question 8

Nanoarchaeotes are _________ living particularly on ________ cells

Answer 8

Nanoarchaeotes are PARASITES living particularly on IGNICOCCUS cells

Question 9

What are the different phylum groups of bacteria?

Answer 9

1. Proteobacteria
2. Fimicutes
3. Actinobacteria
4. Non-proteobacteria

Question 10

Organise these terms with the type of bacteria

_________ = gram positive bacteria/ high GC and AT in their DNA

___________ = some gram positive/some gram negative, have low GC to AT ratio in DNA

________ = largest group/gram negative

________ = gram-negative

A. Proteobacteria B. Firmicutes C. Actinobacteria
D. Non-Proteobacteria

Answer 10

ACTINOBACTERIA = gram positive bacteria/ high GC and AT in their DNA

FIRMICUTES = some gram positive/some gram negative, have low GC to AT ratio in DNA

PROTEOBACTERIA = largest group/gram negative

NON-PROTEOBACTERIA = gram-negative

Question 11

Key difference between gram positive and gram negative lies in the structure of __________ in bacteria.

Gram-negative bacteria have a _______ cell wall, they stain ______.

Gram-positive bacteria have a ______ cell wall, they stain ______.

Answer 11

Key difference between gram positive and gram negative lies in the structure of CELL WALLS in bacteria.

Gram-negative bacteria have a THICK cell wall , they stain PINK.

Gram-positive bacteria have a THIN cell wall, they stain PURPLE .

Question 12

All prokaryotes contain four things:

Some prokaryotes have four other things

Answer 12

Four things they contain:

1. A plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Ribosomes
4. A nucleoid

Some prokaryotes have:
1. A capsule
2.Pilli
3. Flagella

Question 13

Plasma membrane of bacteria

The ___________ head is hydro______, meaning it is _______ to water.

The ___________ tail is hydro_______, meaning it is _______ by water.

Answer 13

Plasma membrane of bacteria

The PHOSPHOLIPID head is hydroPHOBIC, meaning it is ATTRACTED to water.

The FATTY ACID tail is hydroPHILLIC, meaning it is REPELLED by water.

Question 14

What is the difference between ARCHAEA and BACTERIA chemically in their plasma membranes?

Answer 14

Archaea
1. Isoprenoid chains
2. Glycerol-ether chains
3. L-glycerol

Bacteria
1. Fatty acid chains
2. Glycerol-ester lipids
3. D-glycerol

Question 15

What difference makes archaea membranes more robust than bacteria?

Answer 15

They have a MONOLIPID BILAYER making them able to survive as extremophiles

Question 16

What is the difference in structure for a gram-positive vs gram negative cell wall?

What are there cell walls made up of?

Answer 16

Gram positive = two layers a thick cell wall and plasma membrane underneath

Gram negative = three layers, an outer membrane, peptidoglycan, plasma membrane

Peptidoglycan

Question 17

What are the two monosaccharides in proteoglyclans? How are they joined?

Answer 17

N- acetylglucosamine (NAG)

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Joined by peptide bonds

Question 18

Archaea cell walls contain an S layer composed of identical proteins of ____________.

Archaea cell walls contain ___________ which is a peptidoglycan-like structure.

Answer 18

Archaea cell walls contain an S layer composed of identical proteins of GLYCOPROTEINS.

Archaea cell walls contain PSEUDOMUREIN which is a peptidoglycan-like structure.

Question 19

Measuring ribosomes
Prokaryotes have ___S ribosome made up of ___S and ___S

Eukaryotes have____ ribosomes made up of __S and __S

Answer 19

•Prokaryotes have 70S ribosome made up of 30S and 50S •Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes made up of 40S and 60S

Question 20

Prokaryotes have one ________ as DNA. Which can come in the form of __________.

Prokaryotes chromosome is ________.

Plasmids are shaped _____ pieces of _____ stranded DNA
They can replicate ________.

Answer 20

Prokaryotes have one CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME as DNA. Which can come in the form of PLASMIDS.

Prokaryotes chromosome is HAPLOID.

Plasmids are shaped CIRCULAR pieces of DOUBLE stranded DNA
They can replicate INDEPENDENTLY.

Question 21

Flagella’s are driven by __________, they are made of ____________.

Answer 21

Flagella’s are driven by PROTON PUMPS they are made of PROTEIN FLAGELLIN.

Question 22

Match the definition to the term

______________ = tiny bristle-like fibers arising from the surface of bacterial cells

_______________ = hair like microfibers that are thick tubular structure made up of pilin.

Answer 22

FIMBRIAE = tiny bristle-like fibers arising from the surface of bacterial cells

PILI = hair like microfibers that are thick tubular structure made up of pilin.

Question 23

•If it is organised and firmly attached to the cell wall it forms as CAPSULE
•If it is loosely attached and disorganised it is a SLIME LAYER

What is this describing?

Answer 23

Glycocalyx

Question 24

What are the four substances used in a gram stain?
Which one is the primary stain, which is the counterstain?

What step do colourless cells turn pink?

Answer 24

•Crystal violet – primary stain
•Iodine
•Alcohol (Ethanol)
•Safranin - Counterstain colourless cells turn pink

Question 25

What are the three exceptions to gram staining results?

Answer 25

-> DEAD gram positive cells will give a negative result

-> Some gram positive genera will give a gram negative
result as the CULTURE AGES (e.g. Bacillus

-> Mycoplasma do not take up any gram stain dyes

Question 26

what is turbidity a measure of?

Answer 26

measures the cloudiness in a spectrometer

Question 27

Name the four phases of bacterial growth

Which phase is best to use in culture?

Which phase are the number of growing bacteria = number of dying

Answer 27

1. Lag phase
2. Exponential growth phase
3. Stationary phase
4. Death phase

Exponential phase

Stationary phase

Question 28

what is the difference between selective and differential media?

Answer 28

•Selective media = Used to selectively grow specific organisms and inhibit others

•Differential media =Used to differentiate between two or more organisms