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MCM test 3 > Introduction to Cell Histology > Flashcards

Introduction to Cell Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 categories of tissue found in the human body?

A

Epithelium- protection
connective
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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2
Q

How do histoligists prepare tissues?

A

Fixation- inactivate degrading enzymes, preserve tissue (typically formalin

Dehydration- remove water using alcohol solutions

Clearing- remove alcohol solution using organic solvent (tissue becomes more translucent)

Infiltration- by placing tissue in wax or plastics

Embedding- harden tissue

Trimming and sectioning- very thin slices

Staining- this

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3
Q

What are the most common dyes used?

A

Hematoxylin

Eosin

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4
Q

Hematoxylin

What color and what structures does it dye?

A

blue dye

Cationic– carries net positive charge
— stains negatively charged molecules (nucleic acids carboxyl group of proteins)

Basic dye- dyes basophillic structures
– DNA, RNA, Ribosomes (rough ER and nucleolus), secretory vessicles/granuoles

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5
Q

What color is Eosin and what does it dye?

A

Pink

Carries net negative charge (anionic)
– stains positively charged molecules (amino group of proteins)

Acidic dye- dyes acidophillic structures
- ECM (collagen), membranes, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of these in H&E dye?

Nucleus, cytoplasm, rER

A

Nucleus- largest thing in cell, distinct boundary, Nucleoli and nuclear membrane, BASOPHILLIC

Cytoplams- ACIDOPHILLIC, no distinct boundaries between cells.

rER- BASOPHILLIC, granular appearance in cytoplasm

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7
Q

What can you typically not see in the cell with dyes?

A 
plasma membrane- stains pink but can't tell from cyto
sER 
Golgi apparatus
mitochondria
lysosomes
endosomes

There is a cheat sheet to print out in slides

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8
Q

Why does sER not stain too great?

A

lipids don’t stain too well and sER manufactures lipids.

May be able to distinguish because there will be a hole where it should have been.

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9
Q

Will we see cytoskeleton in stains?

A

Yes if there are lots of microtubules, actin… like in muscle

acidophilic– bright pink

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10
Q

what are lipid droplets and how can you see them in the cell?

A

They are cells synthesizing lots of lipids. you will see white ‘droplets’ in the cell.

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11
Q

What happens to erythrocytes in stain?

A

Stain bright pink or red,

Seen as either single cell or capillaries will stain

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12
Q

What happens to collagen in stain?

A

Stains bright pink

extracellular matrix

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13
Q

What shapes are epithelial cells?

Where do you find them?

A

Cuboidal, squamous or columnar

Any linings- skin, respiratory/urinary, GI
Also form serous membranes- membranes that lines body cavity

Forms glands

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14
Q

Epithelial cell structure

A

Single nucleated

packed and layered, connected to basement membrane

Polar- have directionality, basal and apical surfaces

Avascular- get nutrients and oxygen through diffusion
—except glands are vascularized

All have capability of regeneration

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15
Q

Describe

Squamous, cuboidal and columnar

stratified vs simple

A

squamous- flat, wider than they are tall

Cuboidal- same wide and tall (spherical nucleus)

columnar- taller than wide (oval nucleus)

cell shape defined by apical layer

stratified- more layers
simple= one layer

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16
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine- Duct

Endocrine- ductless
anytime you see capillaries in epithelial tissue it will be endocrine gland.

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17
Q

Abluminal vs adluminal

A

Abluminal= the surface away from the cavity

Adluminal= surface close to the cavity
– will contain the surface specialization (microvilli, cilia)

18
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

sinle layer of cells that exist as protective layer lining closed cavities of the body

    • pleura (lungs)
    • peritoneum (abdomen)
  • –serous pericardium (heart)
19
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Single layer of cells that lines the inner walls (lumen) of blood and lymph vessels.

20
Q

What are some characteristics of connective tissues?

4 listed

A
  1. Widely separated cells with ECM between
  2. Rich blood supply (except cartilage)
  3. provide support and connection
  4. Underlies or supports other basic tissues.
21
Q

What are the three major components of connective tissue?

A
  1. cells
  2. fibers (ECM)- collagen or elastic
  3. ground substance (ECM)

ECM is secreted by the cells in that matrix.

22
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue proper?

What are their characteristics?

A
  1. Loose- collagen loosely packed, abundant ground substance, cells ‘floating’ in substance
  2. Dense- abundant collagen fibers, little ground substance, cells packed between collagen fibers.

Fibroblast= primary cell type in connective tissue proper
– responsible for secreting collagen, elastin, and ground substance.

23
Q

Regular vs irregular dense connective tissue (proper)

A

Regular- collagen fibers parallel to one another, fibroblasts sandwiched between collagen fiber layers. striped appearance.

Irregular- collagen fibers & fibroblasts halfhazardly arranged

24
Q

Bone

cell type, fibers, ground substance

A

cell types: osteocytes (maintain), osteoclasts (absorb matrix), osteoblasts (secrete matrix)

Fibers: collagen

Ground substance: hydroxyapatite crystals (solid)

25
Q

Cartilage

Cell types, Fibers, Ground substance

A

cells: chondrocytes

Fibers: collagen and/or elastic

Ground substance: water, multi adhesive glycoproteins, proteoglycans (solid but flexible)

26
Q

Adipose tissue

Cell type appearance

A

Cell type: adipocytes

Appears as holes or empty spaces

27
Q

What do mucosa membranes line?

Wha are they made up of?

A

Lines tubes in the body: GI respiratory tracts

Epithelial + loose connective
layers: epithelium (1 or more), basement (fibrous ECM no cells), Lamina propria,

Some might also have: submucosa (connective tissue), muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)

28
Q

Serous vs mucous membrane

A

Mucosa is inside the lumen of the GI tract

Serous membrane is the outside of the tube, rub against other things inside body.

29
Q

Properties of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Long, cylindrical,

Flattened nuclei below sarcolemma (plasma membrane)

Multinucleated

Striated

30
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Branched, Y shaped

Single central nucleus

Striated

Makes up myocardium

involuntary

31
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Elongated

Spindle shaped

single central nucleus

not striated

inoluntary

32
Q

What is a dense bundle of cell bodies in the CNS and PNS?

A

CNS= nucleus

PNS= ganglia

33
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS= Trect

PNS= nerve

34
Q

How to distinguish cell bodies in H&E?

A

Cell bodies are very large

Nucleolus is very prominent

Surrounded by satellite cells.

35
Q

Characteristics of Nerves in H&E?

transversly and longitudinally

A

Transverse: vast number of round axons enclosed by a myelin sheath, connective tissue separates axon bundles

Longitudinal: wavy, associated glial cells give the appearance of nuclei.

36
Q

What is trichome staining?

A

uses three colors. (generally red, blue or green)

good for connective tissue- stains collagen well.

Collagen is bright blue

37
Q

Immunohistochemistry

Two types

A

Antibody binds to specific antigen (protein)

  1. direct- antibody that binds is tagged
  2. indirect- secondary antibody is tagged. Binds to antibody that binds antigen.
38
Q

What is Periodic acid-Schiff? (PAS)

A

stains glycogen really well. also mucin (protein in mucus) and basement membrane.

stains polysachharides pinkish purple.

glycogen is purple haze color in cytoplasm

39
Q

What two stains are for elastic tissue?

What color does it make elastic tissue?

What is it commonly used for?

A
  1. Weigert’s stain: stains elastic fibers black/dark brown
    - - commonly used for vasculature
  2. Orcin stain: elastic fibers brown/dark purple
    - - commonly used for elastic cartilage and blood vessels
40
Q

What is used in a silver stain?

A

Silver nitrate

Good for basement membranes nucleic acids, and reticular fibers.

Also good for bacteria, fungi specifically spirochetes

41
Q

What is Golgi technique/ “black reaction”?

A

silver nitrate used to stain nervous tissues.

Dendrites and cell bodies stained dark brown/ black

MCM test 3 (12 decks)

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