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MCM test 3 > 4- Connective Tissue and Epithelium > Flashcards

4- Connective Tissue and Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of epithelium?

A 
avascular
Lines, tubes, surfaces and cavities
Polarized
Domains
-- apical, lateral, basal
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2
Q

What is epithelioid tissue?

A

Epithelium that lacks a free surface

Usually glandular, may have blood vessels.

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3
Q

What are the two types of specialized epithelium cells?

A

Pseudostratified- Appears stratified but is really simple columnar. all rest on basement layer. Some don’t reach apical surface. Ciliated or non-ciliated NASAL cavity

Transitional epithelium- specific to lower urinary tract
Allows for distention. top layer called “umbrella” cells

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4
Q

Microvilli

A

small pink hazy in dye.

Contain actin and cytoplasm, actin anchored to web of myosin and intermediate filaments, limited movement

simple columnar with microvilli in GI

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5
Q

Cillia

A

Microtubule not actin.

9x2 configuration for movement, wave like motion
–oviduct, respiratoy system

9x0 non-motile- communication, bend PASSIVELY and function in sensation

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6
Q

Stereocilia

A

Contain ACTIN, but longer than microvilli

Not common in humans, only in male reproductive system and inner ear

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7
Q

Cell to cell junctions

Tight, adherens, Desmosomes, gap junctions

A

Tight junctions- form barrier, top part of lateral domain

    • Claudins and occludins
  • link actin filaments of adjacent cells.

Adheren- below tight junc., help strengthen tight junction
–Cadherins, link actin filaments of adjacent cells

Desmosomes- small connections between cells.
– Cadherins, link intermediate filaments

Gap junction- allows cytoplasm to flow
– Connexin- (6=connexon) connexons can open or close

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8
Q

Which connection types connect cells to basal domain?

A

Hemidesmosomes- Link intermediate filaments to integrins of basement membrane

Focal Adhesions- Link actin filaments to integrins of basement membrane

CHEAT SHEET in slides

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9
Q

Where do products from exocrine and endocrine glands end up?

A

exocrine- near the gland it was produced from

endocrine- anywhere in the body

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10
Q

What kind of cells secrete pancreatic enzymes into pancreatic duct?

A

Acing cells– exocrine gland

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11
Q

What are exocrine glands able to secrete?

A

Mucous- Mucins, heavily glycosylated proteins

Serous- watery, proteins not glycosylated, exocrine pancreas

Sebacous- lipids products

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?

What are their modes of secretion?

A

Merocrine- secreted via membrane bound vesicles
– salvory glands

Apocrine- product secreted with a thin layer of cytoplasma and plasma membrane surrounding it.
– ex. mammary glands

Holocrine- Product accumulates within the cell, whole cell ruptures, apoptosis
– Sebaccious glands

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13
Q

What is a goblet cell?

A

Mucus secretin cell of the GI and respiratory system

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14
Q

What are the cells of connective tissue and what do they secrete?

A

Fibroblasts- collagen, elastin and ground substance

Mast cells- secrete histamines and cytokines, immune function

Adipocytes- energy storage, hormone synthesis

Others- osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

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15
Q

What are the 3 primary fiber types you will see in connective tissue?

A

Collagenous- long fibers of collagen, tough and flexible but inelastic, form bundles, stain pink in H&E

Elastic- Thinner than collagen, composed of elastin, able to stretch and recoil, hard to see in H&E

Reticular- thin single strands of collagen, forms fine meshwork, hard to see in H&E. (Uses silver)

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16
Q

What are three types of ground substance in connective tissue?

A
  1. liquid- like plasma and interstitial fluid, in CT proper
  2. semisolid- gelatinous, highly hydrated. proteoglyacans, GAGs, and glycoproteins. in connective tissue proper
  3. Solid- bone, cartilage
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17
Q

What is areolar tissue? where do you find it? What are it’s characteristics?

A

Loose connective tissue proper

found in capsules surrounding organs, capillary tissue of dermis, hypodermic

Lots of ground substance, sparsely distributed fibroblasts

Fibroblasts- oval nucleus, primary cell type of connective tissue. secrete collagen and elastin

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18
Q

Dense connective tissue (regular)

Comprise?

Identifying features?

A

Fibroblasts- secrete collagen, elastic fibers. oval nucleus,

comprise tendons and ligaments

Identifying features- plentiful collagen fibers running parallel. flat and trapped fibroblast nuclei

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19
Q

Dense connective tissue (irregular)

Comprise? identifying features?

A

fibroblasts- secrete collagen and elastin fibers, oval nucleus,

Comprise: dermis

Identifying features: plentiful collagen fibers arranged haphazardly

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20
Q

(Special connective tissue) elastic tissue?

What cells and what do they secrete?

Comprise?

A

Fibroblasts are usual cell but secrete lots of elastin fibers rather than collagen fibers.

Comprise blood vessels so they can grow/shrink
also in vocal chords and lungs

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21
Q

(special connective tissue) reticular tissue?

A

Also fibroblasts- secrete collagen III which forms meshwork.

Lymphoid organs

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22
Q

Adipose tissue (special connective tissue)

White function vs brown function

A

Adipocyte almost always find loose connective tissue associated (fibroblasts secreting collagen)

White- long term energy storage, hormone secretion (lactin, estrogen)

Brown- thermogenesis (babies)

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23
Q

What are the three types of cartilage? and what is the primary cell type in cartilage?

Found in?

A

Primary cell type: chondrocytes

hyaline- abundant collagen II (non bundle forming), found in articular ends of long bones. makes up cartilaginous precursor of skeleton

Elastic cartilage- collagen II but also lots of elastin, external ear, epiglottis

fibrocartilage- hyaline cartilage + dense connective tissue
collagen I and II, can see collagen bundles
– sympheses, articular disks

24
Q

What are the three types of cells found in bone

A

osteocytes- found in lacunae of bone, maintain bony tissue, communicate with other osteocytes

osteoblasts- sufaces of bones, deposit bones.
– ones deposits bone all around itself, grows smaller in size and becomes osteocyte

osteoclasts- also found on internal and external surface of bone. Reabsorb bone

25
Q

What makes up bone matrix?

A

collagen fiber and hydroxyapetite

26
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

which parts are cutaneous/ subcutaneous?

A

epidermis- stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium

dermis- mostly dense, irregular connective tissue

hypodermis- adipose and loose connectie tissue

Cutaneous- epidermis, dermis
Subcutaneous- hypodermis

Stains pink to purple

27
Q

Epidermis sublayers

A

Stratum corneum- keratin filaments in cytoplasm, comprised of dead flattened cells with no nucleus. Stain pink

stratum lucidum- in thick skin (palms) extension of stratum corneum, stains more lucid

stratum granulosum- stains darker, produce lamellar bodies (waterproof lipid barrier)

stratum spinosum- langerthan cells found here (antigen presenting cells) elicit immune response when pathogen making it’s way across the dermis. stain purple

stratum basale/ stratum germinativum- stem cells of epidermis, melanocytes here (pigment of skin), rest on basement membrane

ALL are made up of epithelial tissue

28
Q

What are the two primary layers of the dermis?

How does it stain?

A

Papillary layer- loose areolar CT. Terminal capillaries give nutrients to epidermal layers which are avascular. Lymph and blood vessels found abundantly. Dermal papillae increase surface area between the two layers. form fingerprints on hands and feet, because papillary layer is so large.

Reticular layer- more collagen fibers, Dense reg CT. Much thicker then pap layer and many elastic fibers.Find blood vessels, hair follicle roots, sweat and sebaceous glands.

29
Q

Hypodermis

A

Loose connective tissue

Lots of adipose tissue separated by some CT

Fascia (primarily collagen) separates hypodermic from underlaying muscle layer

30
Q

What cells make up the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes: produced by stem cells in stratum basal

Produce keratin: Intermediate filament, stain dark purple or dark pink, hard keratin (skin, nails), soft keratin (epidermis)

31
Q

Keratinization

A

Start in stratum basale- dark purple (basophillic) from rER

Stratum spinosum-

Stratum granulosum- (intermediate cells) start secreting keratohyaline granules- bind keratin filaments together (dark purple) secrete lamellar bodies (lipid/protein)

Between SG and SC- nucleus and organelles break down, thickening plasma membrane, acidification

Stratum corneum- acidophilic due to keratin, top layer undergoes desquamation (shedding) due to enzymes degrading desmosomes. Allow top layer to shed.

20 - 30 days from beginning stem cell to shedding.

32
Q

Psoriasis

A

Autoimmune, hyper proliferative disease

Keratinization occurs faster than desquamation.

Increased thickness, desquamation

scaly appearance as lots of cells flake off at once.

33
Q

What helps build up water barrier?

A

Lamellar bodies - in stratum ganulosum

Keratinocyte envelope- keratin is insoluble

Lipid absorption- Nicotine, steroid hormones, diphenhydramine. could be done transdermally

34
Q

Other cells in epidermis?

melanocytes

A

Melanocytes- in basal layer, secrete melanin by dendrites. process that reaches about 36 keratinocytes per melanocyte.
– melanin- red, brown, black pigment. job to absorb UV-B radiation. More UV B reaches melanocyte the more will secrete

Basal layer

35
Q

Secretion of melanin.

A

Melanosome- vesicular organelles from golgi

Apocrine secretion- mature melanosomes travel to end of dendrite, near keratinocyte, keratinocytes phagocytose tips of melanocyte dendrite

Melanosomes degrade and melanin released into keratinocyte cytoplasm. (accumulates around nucleus.

36
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelenin- found in hair or skin

    • black= absence of all others results in gray hair
    • brown= absence of all others results in blond hair

Pheomelanin- red/pink, found in nipples, lips, genitals
- hair- imparts red color when mixed with brown eumelanin

37
Q

What determines skin pigmentation?

How is the pituitary involved

A

rate of melanogenesis (faster=darker skin)

    • pituitary- melanocyte stim hormone
    • Keratinocytes will also secrete hormone if damaged by UV
38
Q

what happens when you get a skin burn? what causes the pain and reddening?

A

erythema= sunburn

UV induced damage leads to keratinocyte apoptosis.

Pain from breakdown of cellular junctions

Reddening from due to vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels and increased presence of lymphocytes in dermis

39
Q

Vitamin D3 synthesis

Which type of UV ray is associated?

A

when stratum basal is exposed to UVB light

7-dehydrocholesterol > cholecalciterol (V D3)

40
Q

Why do populations closer to the equator have more pigment?

Why do people have less pigment further from equator?

A

Faster rate of melanogenesis = more pigment = better protection from UV light

Less pigment= effect production of Vitamin D3.

41
Q

Langerthan cells-

A

Found in stratum spinosum, not recognizable on H&E

Dendritic immune cells, antigen presenting
phagocytose and process antigens so they can be recognized by other immune cells. trigger immune response when pathogen enters epidermis.

42
Q

Hari follicles- where are they found?

What is found within the bulb?

A

everywhere but thick skin and pink skin

Invagination of epidermis into the dermis and hypodermic

Bulb- have melanocyte that pigment hair cells, matrix (stem cells for hair follicle), dermal papilae (loose CT at base of bulb that contains blood vessels)

43
Q

Hair follicles, what else is found with them?

A

sebaceous glands- secrete oily substance on to hair
apocrine sweat glands- thru hair follicle to skin
arrector pilli muscle-
Nerve endings- fine touch, pain.

44
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

What type of epithelium?

A

dispersed throughout whole body, functional at birth.

response to heat

not associated with hair follicle

Stratified cuboidal epithelium, narrow lumen

45
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

secrete sweat in response to anxiety

Secrete along hair follicles

functional at puberty

Wide lumen

46
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

Produce sebum, oily lipid– barrier? or maybe prevent moisture loss?

Holocrine secretion- Whole cell ruptures

47
Q

What causes acne?

Treatments?

A

Holocrine secretion leads to cells bursting releasing sebum and parts of cells, which bacteria like. Clog up hair follicles. Body illicit immune response

Treatment:
– kill bacteria:
benzoyl peroxide: surface antimicrobial
Tetracycline- oral abx

-increase apoptosis: prevent hair follicle from getting clogged
Retinoids: target sebocytes and she’d keratinocytes
Salicyclic acids: Anti-inflammatory, break down lipids and shed surface keratinocytes

48
Q

What nerve endings do you have in the epidermis?

Free nerve endings, Merkel’s corpuscle

A

Free nerve endings (stratum basale)

  • in stratum basale, surround hair follicle
  • fine touch, hot, cold, pain (nociception)

Merkel’s corpuscle (stratum basale)

    • mechanosensation- light touch
  • -most concentrated in sensitive areas (hands, face, genitals)
49
Q

Nerve endings in the dermis

Meissner’s corpuscle, pacinian, ruffinis, Krause’s end bulb

A

Meissner’s- light touch, in papillary layer of dermis

pacinian- pressure, vibrations, deep in reticular layer

Ruffini’s- Stretch, retinacular layer

Krause end bulb- vibration, (cold?), in reticular layer

50
Q

What do goblin cells create?

A

mucus

51
Q

Where do you find simple squamous?

A

lining of blood vessels

52
Q

Where is simple cuboidal?

A

Walls of apocrine sweat glands

53
Q

Where is simple columnar with Cilia?

With microvilli?

A

Cilia- lining of uterine tubes

Microvili- lining of intestines

54
Q

Where is stratified squamous? (Keratinized)

Nonkeratinized?

A

Keratinized- outer layer of skin

Non- lining of mouth throat esophagus

55
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal?

A

walls of eccrine glands

56
Q

Where is stratified columnar?

A

conjuntiva of eye

MCM test 3 (12 decks)

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