11- Vitamins Flashcards
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
Vitamins K, A, D, E
hydrophobic, fat soluble. Stored in Fats.
If someone has malabsorption of fats they could lead to deficiency.
Toxicity is more common because we have storage.
Kool ADE man is fat
Which are water soluble vitamins?
Bs and C.
Typically absorbed through Na+ cotransport directly to intestinal capillaries.
Vitamin A
Action:
Retinol
Action: Needed for RETINAL in eye which combines with opsin to form rhodopsin.
Also works as transcription factor for normal growth of many cells, like epithelium
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A = retinol
- Eyes: night blindness, corneal abnormalities
- Epithelium: Epithelial metaplasia (abnormal division), increase risk of pulmonary infection
Vitamin D
Action:
Cholecalciferol
Action: promotes Ca2+ absorption out of the gut thru formation of calbindin in intestinal epithelial cells.
Maintians appropriate plasma [Ca2+] and [HPO4] for bone formation, neuromuscular function, and general metabolism.
Can be self synthesized in skin
Vitamin D deficiency
- Rickets/osteomalacia: insufficient mineralization at long bone epiphyses. Bone pain muscle weakness
- Hypocalcemic tetany: systemic or localized muscle spasms or twitching.
Vitamin E
Action:
Tocopherol
Action: antioxidant, regulates gene expression and protects cell membranes, perhaps a cofactor
E for Excellent mEmbranes
Vitamin E deficiency
- Destruction of erythrocytes and resultant anemia (cell membranes compromised)
- Demyelination of spinal neurons and resultant neurological dysfunction (cell membranes)
Vitamin K
Action:
Phytonadione
Action: carboxylates clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII,, IX and X
Hint: K is for Klotting
Vitamin K deficiency
- Coagulopathy
Vitamin K can be synthesized by gut. loss of bacterial gut (ex. abx) could result in deficiency.
Hint: Warfarin (for PE/DVT) is antagonist of Vitamin K. wont clot
Vitamin C
Actions:
Ascorbic Acid (water soluble)
Action: cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase, needed for synthesis of hydroxyproline in Collagen
Hint: Vitamin C for Collagen, not Colds.
Vitamin C Deficiency
Scurvy: poor wound healing, cessation of bone growth, fragility of blood vessels (esp in gingiva)
Vitamin B1
Action:
Thiamine
Action: Coenzyme in metabolism (Pyruvate dehydrogenase) of carbs and amino acids
hint: thiamine needed To enter The TCA cycle for aTp synthesis
Vitamin B1 deficiency
- Beriberi- edematous legs, fatigue, cramping of muscles, cardiac failure
- Korsakoff’s syndrome/ Wernicke Encephalopathy
- typically in alcohol abuse
- - Poor nutrition (absolute thiamine deficiency
- - gastritis/stomach inflammation results in malabsorption of thiamine
- - psychosis with both retrograde and anterograde amnesia, eye signs, other
Vitamin B3
Action
Niacin
Action: Building block for NAD+, needed for shuttling electrons to the ETC mitochondria
Hints: Niacin Needed for Nadh
Niacin flush when intake of lots of amounts due to prostaglandins.
Vitamin B3 deficiency
- Pollegra: caused by low protein diets, corn heavy diets
Three D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.
Vitamin B5
Action:
Pantothenic acid
Action: part of CoA, needed in acetyl transfer, especially for carb entry to TCA and for fat metabolism
hint: B5 for ‘Pent’
Vitamin B5 deficiency
not proved due to wide availability of Vitamin B5
Vitamin B7
Action:
Biotin
Action: cofactor for various carboxylation enzymes
Hint: biotin binds to avidin
Vitamin B7 deficiency
Rare; antibiotic use or excessive eating of eggs (traps biotin)
Vitamin B9
Action:
Folate
Action: coenzyme needed for DNA and RNA synthesis
Hint: Folate For Future Fetus. B9 for 9 month gestation
Vitamin B9 deficiency
- Neural tube defects in newborns: maternal supplementation in month prior to conception and first trimester
- Megaloblastic anemia
- - large immature erythrocytes (megaloblastic)
- - Insufficient normal erythrocytes (anemia)
Vitamin B12
Action:
Cobalamin
Action: DNA synthesis and methylation
hint: Cobalamin is Contained in Cobalt and Contained in Carne, vegans must take a vitamin can take dozens (B12) of different vegetables but must supplement to avoid deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Demyelination and anemia.
