Introduction to Cancer and Clinical Genetics Block

Question 1

State 2 characteristics of cancer.

Answer 1

Mutation inactivating TP53 gene (tumour suppressor gene). Gain of function/activating mutation in a proto oncogene e.g. RAS, MYC. Activation of telomerase.

Question 2

State 2 functions of p53.

Answer 2

Tumour suppressor gene. p53 gene encodes for protein within the nucleus. Activates DNA repair process, arrests cell division if there is DNA damage, initiates apoptosis in severe DNA damage, controls cell senescence.

Question 3

What are oncogenes?

Answer 3

Mutated proto oncogenes that are stuck in ‘on-mode.’

Question 4

What is the function of telomerase, and how is it affected during cancer?

Answer 4

Telomerase breaks down the structures at the end of chromosomes during cell division. Cancer cells over-express telomerase.

Question 5

State 2 non-specific symptoms of cancer.

Answer 5

Lethargy. Tiredness. Malaise. Reduced exercise tolerance. Unexplained weight loss.

Question 6

State 2 specific symptoms of cancer.

Answer 6

A lump. Pain. Persistent cough. Bleeding - haematuria, haemoptysis. Dysphagia (swallowing). Change in bowel habits.

Question 7

State 2 non-specific signs for cancer.

Answer 7

Cachexia (weakness and wasting of the body due to chronic illness). Anaemia. Tachycardia. Tachypnoea. Palpable metastes.

Question 8

State 2 specific signs for cancer.

Answer 8

Lump. Skin tethering. Nipple retraction. Effusion. Consolidation.

Question 9

How many stages of cancer are there?

Answer 9

5.

Question 10

Which stage of cancer is when the growth has early locally advanced?

Answer 10

Stage 3.

Question 11

State 3 members of the cancer MDT.

Answer 11

Surgeons. Oncologists. Pathologists. Radiologists.Nurses.