Head and Neck Cancer Flashcards
State a risk factor for Head and Neck Cancer.
Cigarette smoking. Alcohol. Virus e.g. human papillomavirus (HPV), oropharynx, epstein-barr virus (EBV). Genetic variations. Hepatitis C. Chronic oral candidiasis (infection involving multiple areas in the mouth).
State the histological type of cancers found in the Pharynx.
Squamous cell carcinoma. Salivary gland tumours. Lymphoma. Sarcomas.
Define a Basal cell carcinoma.
Carcinoma developed in the cells in the deepest layer of the epithelium called basal cells.
Define a Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Carcinoma developed in cells on the top layer of the epithelium called squamous cells.
Define a Transitional Cell Carcinoma.
Carcinoma that develops in the stretchy cells in the urinary tract epithelium called transitional cells.
Define a Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Carcinoma developed in the epithelial cells of the filtering system of the kidney.
Define an Adenocarcinoma.
Carcinoma that specialises in epithelial cells called glandular cells.
Define a Sarcoma.
Carcinoma that starts in the connective tissue found in bone, cartilage, tendons and muscles.
State a treatment of Head and Neck Cancer.
Speech and swallowing rehabilitation. Nutritional support. Management considerations (social support). Psychosocial support.
State a clinical presentation of Ear and Temporal Bone Cancer.
Lesion on pinna/ear canal. Ear bleeding. Otorrhea - ear discharge.
State a management of Ear and Temporal Bone.
Otoplasty (surgical reshaping of the pinna/outer ear). Middle ear surgery.
State a clinical presentation of Nose and Sinuses Cancer.
Unilateral nasal obstruction. Epistaxis - bleeding from the nose. Eye problems.
State a management of Nose and Sinuses cancer.
Surgery alone or in combination with chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Radiotherapy alone (only in tumours).
State a clinical presentation of the Nasopharynx.
Lump in the neck. Nasal obstruction. Unilateral hearing loss (UHL). Postnatal depression.
State a management of Nasopharynx cancer.
Primary radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. Viral related tumour (viral serology follow-up).
State a clinical presentation of Oral Cavity Cancer.
Ulcerative/visible lesion. Oral pain. Neck lump.
State the staging for Oral Cavity Cancer.
T1 - <2cm. T2 - 2-4cm. T3 - >4cm. T4 - involvement of structures outside the oral cavity.
State the management of Oral Cavity Cancer.
Stage 1 and 2 - wide surgical excision. Stage 3 and 4 - surgery with reconstruction.
State the clinical presentation of Oropharynx cancer.
Persistent sore throat. Lumps in the neck. Otalgia (ear pain). HPV 11+16 (viruses).
State the management of Oropharynx Cancer.
Stage 1 and 2 - radiotherapy and surgical resection. Stage 3 and 4 - chemotherapy and staged neck dissection.
State a clinical presentation of Larynx Cancer.
Hoarseness. Odinophagia - painful swallowing. Dysphagia. Neck lump.
State T1a in Larynx Cancer.
One vocal cord.
State T1b in Larynx Cancer.
Both vocal cords.
State T2 in Larynx Cancer.
Two sub-sites/impaired vocal cord.
State T3 in Larynx Cancer.
Vocal cord fixation and/or invasion of paraglottic/pre-epiglottic space.
State T4a in Larynx Cancer.
Tumour outside the larynx in the thyroid cartilage.
State T4b in Larynx Cancer.
Prevertebral fascia, mediastinum.
State the management for Larynx Cancer.
Vocal cord fixation. Tumour volume. Airway obstruction. Swallowing dysfunction and aspiration.
State management of stage 1 and 2 of Larynx Cancer.
Trans-oral resection. Radiotherapy. Partial surgery.
Stage management of stage 3 of Larynx Cancer.
Open partial surgery. Total laryngectomy. Chemo-radiation therapy.
Stage the management of stage 4 of Larynx Cancer.
Total Laryngectomy.
State a clinical presentation of Hypopharynx.
Dysphagia with odynophagia (painful swallowing). Referred Otalgia (ear pain). Hoarseness. Neck lump.
State T1 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.
One subsite and < 2 cm.
State T2 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.
More than one subsite or 2-4 cm.
State T3 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.
> 4 cm and fixation hemilarynx.
State T4 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Involves structures outside hypopharynx.
Stage 1 and 2 of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Radiotherapy and Partial Surgery.
Stage 3 and 4 of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.
Chemotherapy and Radical surgery (IV) with PORT (small medical applicance installed beneath skin to administer chemotherapy).
State an Occult Primary tumour.
Lump in the neck, but no primary site.
Define the cause of an Occult Primary tumour.
Immunological response.
State a clinical presentation of cancer in the salivary glands.
Lump in the gland. Pain.
State a site for cancer of the salivary glands.
Parotid glands (most common). Submandibular glands. Sublingual glands. Submucosa.
State a management of Salivary Glands.
Surgery (salivary gland excision).
State a symptom of a Thyroid Carcinoma.
Painless lump. Swollen glands. Hoarseness in voice. Sore throat. Difficulty swallowing.
What is the most common thyroid cancer?
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (80-90%). Follicular thyroid carcinoma. Medullary carcinoma. Anaplastic carcinoma. Thyroid lymphoma.
Define a Thyroid Lobectomy.
Removal of one of the thyroid lobes.
Define a Thyroidectomy.
Total removal of the thyroid.
