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Cancer > Head and Neck Cancer > Flashcards

Head and Neck Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

State a risk factor for Head and Neck Cancer.

A

Cigarette smoking. Alcohol. Virus e.g. human papillomavirus (HPV), oropharynx, epstein-barr virus (EBV). Genetic variations. Hepatitis C. Chronic oral candidiasis (infection involving multiple areas in the mouth).

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2
Q

State the histological type of cancers found in the Pharynx.

A

Squamous cell carcinoma. Salivary gland tumours. Lymphoma. Sarcomas.

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3
Q

Define a Basal cell carcinoma.

A

Carcinoma developed in the cells in the deepest layer of the epithelium called basal cells.

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4
Q

Define a Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

A

Carcinoma developed in cells on the top layer of the epithelium called squamous cells.

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5
Q

Define a Transitional Cell Carcinoma.

A

Carcinoma that develops in the stretchy cells in the urinary tract epithelium called transitional cells.

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6
Q

Define a Renal Cell Carcinoma.

A

Carcinoma developed in the epithelial cells of the filtering system of the kidney.

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7
Q

Define an Adenocarcinoma.

A

Carcinoma that specialises in epithelial cells called glandular cells.

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8
Q

Define a Sarcoma.

A

Carcinoma that starts in the connective tissue found in bone, cartilage, tendons and muscles.

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9
Q

State a treatment of Head and Neck Cancer.

A

Speech and swallowing rehabilitation. Nutritional support. Management considerations (social support). Psychosocial support.

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10
Q

State a clinical presentation of Ear and Temporal Bone Cancer.

A

Lesion on pinna/ear canal. Ear bleeding. Otorrhea - ear discharge.

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11
Q

State a management of Ear and Temporal Bone.

A

Otoplasty (surgical reshaping of the pinna/outer ear). Middle ear surgery.

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12
Q

State a clinical presentation of Nose and Sinuses Cancer.

A

Unilateral nasal obstruction. Epistaxis - bleeding from the nose. Eye problems.

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13
Q

State a management of Nose and Sinuses cancer.

A

Surgery alone or in combination with chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Radiotherapy alone (only in tumours).

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14
Q

State a clinical presentation of the Nasopharynx.

A

Lump in the neck. Nasal obstruction. Unilateral hearing loss (UHL). Postnatal depression.

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15
Q

State a management of Nasopharynx cancer.

A

Primary radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. Viral related tumour (viral serology follow-up).

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16
Q

State a clinical presentation of Oral Cavity Cancer.

A

Ulcerative/visible lesion. Oral pain. Neck lump.

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17
Q

State the staging for Oral Cavity Cancer.

A

T1 - <2cm. T2 - 2-4cm. T3 - >4cm. T4 - involvement of structures outside the oral cavity.

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18
Q

State the management of Oral Cavity Cancer.

A

Stage 1 and 2 - wide surgical excision. Stage 3 and 4 - surgery with reconstruction.

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19
Q

State the clinical presentation of Oropharynx cancer.

A

Persistent sore throat. Lumps in the neck. Otalgia (ear pain). HPV 11+16 (viruses).

20
Q

State the management of Oropharynx Cancer.

A

Stage 1 and 2 - radiotherapy and surgical resection. Stage 3 and 4 - chemotherapy and staged neck dissection.

21
Q

State a clinical presentation of Larynx Cancer.

A

Hoarseness. Odinophagia - painful swallowing. Dysphagia. Neck lump.

22
Q

State T1a in Larynx Cancer.

A

One vocal cord.

23
Q

State T1b in Larynx Cancer.

A

Both vocal cords.

24
Q

State T2 in Larynx Cancer.

A

Two sub-sites/impaired vocal cord.

25
Q

State T3 in Larynx Cancer.

A

Vocal cord fixation and/or invasion of paraglottic/pre-epiglottic space.

26
Q

State T4a in Larynx Cancer.

A

Tumour outside the larynx in the thyroid cartilage.

27
Q

State T4b in Larynx Cancer.

A

Prevertebral fascia, mediastinum.

28
Q

State the management for Larynx Cancer.

A

Vocal cord fixation. Tumour volume. Airway obstruction. Swallowing dysfunction and aspiration.

29
Q

State management of stage 1 and 2 of Larynx Cancer.

A

Trans-oral resection. Radiotherapy. Partial surgery.

30
Q

Stage management of stage 3 of Larynx Cancer.

A

Open partial surgery. Total laryngectomy. Chemo-radiation therapy.

31
Q

Stage the management of stage 4 of Larynx Cancer.

A

Total Laryngectomy.

32
Q

State a clinical presentation of Hypopharynx.

A

Dysphagia with odynophagia (painful swallowing). Referred Otalgia (ear pain). Hoarseness. Neck lump.

33
Q

State T1 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.

A

One subsite and < 2 cm.

34
Q

State T2 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.

A

More than one subsite or 2-4 cm.

35
Q

State T3 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.

A

> 4 cm and fixation hemilarynx.

36
Q

State T4 in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.

A

Involves structures outside hypopharynx.

37
Q

Stage 1 and 2 of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.

A

Radiotherapy and Partial Surgery.

38
Q

Stage 3 and 4 of Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma.

A

Chemotherapy and Radical surgery (IV) with PORT (small medical applicance installed beneath skin to administer chemotherapy).

39
Q

State an Occult Primary tumour.

A

Lump in the neck, but no primary site.

40
Q

Define the cause of an Occult Primary tumour.

A

Immunological response.

41
Q

State a clinical presentation of cancer in the salivary glands.

A

Lump in the gland. Pain.

42
Q

State a site for cancer of the salivary glands.

A

Parotid glands (most common). Submandibular glands. Sublingual glands. Submucosa.

43
Q

State a management of Salivary Glands.

A

Surgery (salivary gland excision).

44
Q

State a symptom of a Thyroid Carcinoma.

A

Painless lump. Swollen glands. Hoarseness in voice. Sore throat. Difficulty swallowing.

45
Q

What is the most common thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (80-90%). Follicular thyroid carcinoma. Medullary carcinoma. Anaplastic carcinoma. Thyroid lymphoma.

46
Q

Define a Thyroid Lobectomy.

A

Removal of one of the thyroid lobes.

47
Q

Define a Thyroidectomy.

A

Total removal of the thyroid.

Cancer (21 decks)

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