Cancer Imaging Flashcards
State the first 3 stages of the cancer management pathway.
Prevent. Predict. Detect.
State the last 3 stages of the cancer management pathway.
Stage. Treat. Track.
State which symptoms an ultrasound is used to evaluate.
Pain. Swelling. Infection.
State which internal organs ultrasound is used for.
Heart. Blood vessels. Liver. Gall bladder. Spleen. Pancreas. Kidneys.
State one thing a CT scan is used for.
Bone fractures. Tumours. Cancer monitoring. Finding internal bleeding.
State one thing an MRI machine is used to diagnose.
Joints. Brain. Wrists. Ankles. Breasts. Heart. Blood vessels.
State one thing used in hybrid imaging.
18F Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET.
Define sensitivity.
Proportion of people with disease who have a positive test.
Define specificity.
Proportion of people free of a disease who have a negative test.
Define accuracy.
Overall proportion of correct test results.
Define Negative Predictive Value (NPV).
Proportion of people with a negative test who are free of disease.
Define Positive Predictive Value (NPV).
Proportion of people with a positive test who have disease.
What does TMN stand for?
T - primary tumour (size/local advancement 1-4)
M - involved local nodes (by number 0-3)
N - distant metastatic spread (0-1)
State one feature of T1 in lung cancer.
Size < 3cm. No invasion of the main bronchus. Surrounded by lung or visceral pleura.
State one feature of T2 in lung cancer.
Size 3-7cm. Involves main bronchus distal from carina (ridge of cartilage in the trachea). No invasion of the chest wall.
State one feature of T3 in lung cancer.
Size > 7cm. Involves the main bronchus <2cm from carina (ridge of cartilage in the trachea). Invasion of the chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium.
State one feature of T4 in lung cancer.
Invasion of the mediastinum great vessels, heart carina, trachea, oesophagus, vertebra.
State N Staging.
N0 - No nodal disease
N1 - Ipsilateral hilar disease
N2 - Ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal disease
N3 - Contralateral hilar of mediastinal disease
State M Staging.
M0 - no metastases
M1a - bilateral pulmonary disease
M1b - distant organ spread
M1c - >1 distant metastatic site (spread to more than one organ)
State a locoregional therapy.
Ablative therapy (minimally invasive procedure to destroy abnormal tissue).
State a systemic therapy.
Drug therapy - chemotherapy, targeted therapies.
Define a phase 1 trial.
Small no. of patients. Safety/toxicity/dosage.
Define a phase 2 trial.
Small no. of patients. Drug effectiveness. Safety.
Define a phase 3 trial.
Large no. of patients. Randomisation. Tested vs standard treatment.
State 2 elements of the Response Assessment Methodology.
Complete Response (CR) - disappearance of all target lesions/all nodes <10mm. Partial Response (PR) - >30% decrease in the sum of TL diameters. Stable Disease (SD) - neither PR nor PD Progressive Disease (PD) - >20% increase in the sum of TL diameters
