introduction to Biological molecules and Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

How are carbohydrates used by cells?

A

They are used as respiratory substrates. They also form structural components in plasma membranes and cell walls

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2
Q

How are lipids used by cells?

A

Lipids have many uses, including the bilayer of plasma membranes, certain hormones and as respiratory substrates.

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3
Q

What are the uses of proteins?

A

Proteins form many cell structures. They are also important as enzymes, chemical messengers and components of the blood.

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4
Q

What is the role of Nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids carry the genetic code for the production of proteins.

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5
Q

Why does our search for life elsewhere in the universe involve a search for liquid water?

A

Because the most common component of cells is water

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6
Q

What are monomers? (definition)

A

Monomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made.

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7
Q

What are polymers? (definition)

A

Polymers are molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.

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8
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A condensation reaction joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the elimination of a molecule of water.

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9
Q

What is a Hydrolysis reaction?

A

A hydrolysis reaction breaks a chemical bond between two molecules and involves the use of a water molecule

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10
Q

What are carbon containing molecules also known as?

A

organic molecules

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11
Q

Why is life based on a small number of chemical elements?

A

Because only a few elements can attach to a carbon atom

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12
Q

What are monosaccharides and give some examples? (include general formula)

A

The single units (monomers) from which all the larger carbohydrates are built. They are sweet-tasting, soluble substances that have the general formula (CH2O)n where n can be any number from 3 to 7. Glucose, galactose and fructose

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13
Q

What bond is formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction?

A

A glycosidic bond.

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14
Q

What are disaccharides and give some examples?

A

When two monosaccharides are joined together by a chemical reaction. A molecule of water is also formed (so it’s a condensation reaction)

glucose + glucose = maltose + water

glucose + fructose = sucrose + water

glucose + galactose = lactose + water

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15
Q

Glucose is a ___ sugar?

A

hexose

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16
Q

Why is Glucose extremely soluble in water?

A

Because it contains a large number of hydroxyl groups

17
Q

Why do hydroxyl groups make glucose very soluble in water?

A

Hydroxyl groups are polar molecules, due to the positive hydrogen ion and negative oxygen ions. This means that the hydroxyl groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, making hydroxyl groups hydrophyllic

18
Q

What type of glycosidic bond links alpha glucose molecules together?

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

19
Q

What are the two different isomers of glucose?

A

Alpha and Beta

20
Q

What are the three elements that carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

21
Q

What is the definition of sugar?

A

A small, water-soluble molecules that taste sweet

22
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

polymers, which monomers are monosaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of many glucose units.

23
Q

What two substances are formed by the condensation of alpha glucose?

A

glycogen and startch

24
Q

What substance is formed by the condensation of beta glucose?

A

cellulose