Introduction to Behavioral Statistics and Research I Exam I

Question 1

history effect

Answer 1

interpret outcomes as result of one variable when another variable is actually responsible

Question 2

descriptive statistics

Answer 2

numbers used to summarize and describe data

Question 3

data

Answer 3

information collected from an experiment, survey, historical record, etc.

Question 4

measurement

Answer 4

role-governed assignment of numbers to objects in the world

Question 5

inferential statistics

Answer 5

intelligent guesses based on data from samples

Question 6

simple random sampling

Answer 6

equal selection chance, pure chance

Question 7

random assignment

Answer 7

sample divided into two random groups

Question 8

stratified sampling

Answer 8

identify distinct groups of population, then randomly sample from groups so they’re proportionate in sample and population

Question 9

percentiles

Answer 9

R = (P / 100) x (N + 1)
R = rank, P = percentile, N = # of #'s

If not integer, interpolate: IR = Int. part of R, FR = fractional
(FR)(higher - lower) + lower = X, percentile = X
Rank Ir and Rank Ir + 1 used for higher/lower

Question 10

nominal scales

Answer 10

classifaction: objects into categories, no continuum, part of a category or not (i.e., male, female, other). = or =/=

Question 11

ordinal scales

Answer 11

rank ordering: assumes underlying continuum, relative amount of positions, issue is that gaps between positions may not be equal. =, =/=, (i.e., positions in a race)

Question 12

interval scales

Answer 12

best for statistics. =, =/=, >,

Question 13

likert type scale

Answer 13

accepted as interval scale. i.e., 1 2 3 4 5, 3 being neutral

Question 14

ratio scales

Answer 14

=, =/=/, >,

Question 15

probability densities

Answer 15

i.e., normal distribution, shows chance of getting values near corresponding points on x-axis