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Sophomore Year > Abnormal Psychology Exam I > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

abnormal psychology

A

addresses causes and progression of psychological disorders

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2
Q

psychological disorder

A

pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause significant distress, impairment in daily life, and/or risk of harm, any of which is unusual for the context and culture

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3
Q

psychosis

A

impaired ability to perceive reality to extent that normal functioning is hard/not possible

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4
Q

hallucinations

A

psychosis; sensations so vivid that they’re perceived as real

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5
Q

delusions

A

psychosis; persistent false beliefs held despite contrary evidence

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6
Q

culture

A

shared norms and values of society that are explicitly and implicitly conveyed by example and reward/punishment

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7
Q

asylums

A

institutions to house and care for people afflicted with mental illness

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8
Q

moral treatment

A

environment where people are treated kindly with respect, part of a community

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9
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are a result of conscious and unconscious continual mental forces

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10
Q

id

A

sexual and aggressive drives, immediate gratification

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11
Q

superego

A

conscience, morality

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12
Q

ego

A

mediating id, superego, and reality

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13
Q

psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital, each needed for healthy psychological development

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14
Q

neurosis

A

pattern of thoughts, feelings, behaviors that express unresolved conflict between ego/id or ego/superego

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15
Q

defense mechanisms

A

unconscious, prevent unacceptable thoughts and feelings from reaching consciousness

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16
Q

mental processes

A

internal operations that underlie cognitive and emotional functions

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17
Q

mental contents

A

specific material in mind and operated on

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18
Q

behaviorism

A

studying directly observable behaviors to understand things, all behavior learned by association, Skinner/Pavlov

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19
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

disorder triggered when person with predisposition for particular disorder experiences very stressful event

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20
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

disorders arise from combined influences of biology, psychology, and social interactions

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21
Q

neuropsychosocial approach

A

disorder from neurological/psychological/social factors, affect/are affected through feedback loops, nervous system

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22
Q

supernatural forces

A

Socrates, Stone Age, treated with exorcism, trepination

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23
Q

Chinese qi

A

energy balance among 12 channels, treated with acupuncture, herbal medicine

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24
Q

medical model

A

hippocrates, galen, return to demonology in Middle Ages

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25
Q

Karen Horney

A

feminist psychology in reaction to Freud (man/woman differences, infant’s social world is important)

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26
Q

Carl Jung

A

inborn and unconscious archetypes (idealized abstractions) that underlie motivation

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27
Q

humanists

A

against mechanistic Freudian principals, Maslow (free will, innate goodness, self-actualization), Rogers (client-centered therapy)

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28
Q

Albert Ellis

A

link between behavior and mental processes, roots of CBT and DBT (dialectical behavior therapy)

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29
Q

etiology

A

the factors that lead a person to develop a psychological disorder

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30
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of cells on the surface of the brain

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31
Q

neurons

A

brain cells, process information related to physical, mental, and emotional functioning

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32
Q

brain circuits

A

sets of connected neurons that work together to accomplish a basic process

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33
Q

brain systems

A

sets of brain circuits working together to accomplish complex function

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34
Q

action potential

A

wave of chemical activity that moves down from cell body down axon when neuron fires

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35
Q

synapse

A

place where tip of axon of one neuron sends signals to another neuron

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36
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released by terminal buttons and cross the synaptic cleft

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37
Q

receptors

A

specialized sites on dendrites and cell bodies that respond only to specific molecules

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38
Q

reuptake

A

process of moving leftover neurotransmitter molecules in synapse back into sending neuron

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39
Q

hormones

A

chemicals released directly into bloodstream that activate or alter neuron activity

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40
Q

genes

A

DNA segments that control production of particular proteins and other substances

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41
Q

genotype

A

sum of an organism’s genes

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42
Q

phenotype

A

sum of organism’s observable traits

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43
Q

complex inheritance

A

transmission of traits expressed along continuum by interaction of sets of genes

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44
Q

behavioral genetics

A

investigates degree to which variability of characteristics in population arises from genetic versus environmental factors

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45
Q

heritability

A

estimate of how much variation in a characteristic within a population (in specific environment) can be attributed to genetics

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46
Q

monozygotic twins

A

basically same genetic makeup, began life as single fertilized egg (zygote), which divided into two embryos

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47
Q

dizygotic twins

A

developed from two fertilized eggs so have a 50% overlap in genes

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48
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning, two stimuli are paired so a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits a reflexive behavior (Pavlovian conditioning)

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49
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

stimulus that reflexively elicits a behavior

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50
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

behavior reflexively elicited by stimulus

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51
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

neutral stimulus that, when paired with unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit reflexive behavior

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52
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

response that comes to be elicited by previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned stimulus

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53
Q

conditioned emotional responses

A

emotions and emotion-related behaviors that are classically conditioned

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54
Q

stimulus generalization

A

process by which responses come to be elicited by stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus

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55
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning in which likelihood of behavior being repeated depends on consequences associated with the behavior

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56
Q

reinforcement

A

process by which consequence of a behavior increases likelihood of behavior’s recurrence

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57
Q

positive reinforcement

A

desired reinforcer is received after behavior, which makes behavior more likely to occur again

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58
Q

negative reinforcement

A

aversive or uncomfortable stimulus is removed after behavior, behavior less likely to occur again

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59
Q

punishment

A

process by which event/object that is consequence of behavior decreases likelihood that behavior will occur again

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60
Q

positive punishment

A

behavior followed by undesirable consequence, less likely to recur

61
Q

negative punishment

A

behavior followed by removal of pleasant or desired event or circumstance, less likely to recur

62
Q

learned helplessness

A

“giving up,” when person or animal is in aversive situation where it seems no action can be effective

63
Q

observational learning

A

learning through watching what happens to others (modeling)

64
Q

cognitive distortions

A

dysfunctional, maladaptive thoughts that aren’t accurate reflections and reality and contribute to psychological disorders

65
Q

emotion

A

short-lived experience evoked by stimulus that produces mental response, typical behavior, and positive/negative subjective feeling

66
Q

affect

A

emotion associated with particular idea/behavior, similar to an attitude

67
Q

inappropriate affect

A

expression of emotion not appropriate to what a person is saying or to the situation

68
Q

flat affect

A

lack of/considerably diminished emotional expression

69
Q

labile affect

A

affect that changes inappropriately rapidly

70
Q

mood

A

persistent emotion not attached to stimulus, exists in background and influences mental processes, mental contents, and behavior

71
Q

temperament

A

aspects of personality that reflect person’s typical emotional state and emotional reactivity (including speed and strength of reactions to stimuli)

72
Q

Cloninger’s temperaments

A

novelty seeking: impulsive, aggressive (dopamine)
harm avoidance: anxiety disorders (serotonin)
reward dependence: approval (norepinephrine)
persistence: like reward dependence (norepinephrine)

73
Q

high expressed emotion

A

family interaction style characterized by hostility, unnecessary criticism, or emotional overinvolvement

74
Q

social support

A

comfort and assistance that individual receives through interactions with others

75
Q

social causation hypothesis

A

daily stressors of urban life, especially for those in lower socioeconomic class, trigger mental illness in those who are vulnerable

76
Q

social selection hypothesis

A

mental ill “drift” to lower socioeconomic level because of their impairments, “social drift”

77
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of the nature of a disorder

78
Q

clinical assessment

A

process of obtaining relevant information and making judgments about mental illness based on that information

79
Q

diagnostic bias

A

a systematic error in diagnosis

80
Q

reliable

A

property of classification systems (or measures) that consistently produce same results

81
Q

valid

A

property of classification systems (or measures) that actually characterize what they’re supposed to characterize

82
Q

prognosis

A

likely course and outcome of disorder

83
Q

prevalence

A

number of people who have disorder in given period of time

84
Q

comorbidity

A

presence of more than one disorder at same time in a given patient

85
Q

clinical psychologist

A

has doctoral degree that requires several years of coursework and treating patients under supervision of experienced clinicians

86
Q

counseling psychologist

A

has either Ph.D. from psychology program that focuses on counseling or Ed.D. from a school of education

87
Q

psychiatrist

A

has an M.D. degree and completed residency that focuses on mental disorders

88
Q

psychiatric nurse

A

has M.S.N. degree, plus C.S. certificate in psychiatric nursing

89
Q

social worker

A

has an M.S.W. degree and may have had training to provide psychotherapy to help individuals and families

90
Q

computerized axial tomography (CT scan)

A

uses x-rays to build 3D image of brain

91
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

creates especially sharp images of brain by measuring magnetic properties of atoms in brain

92
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

measures blood flow (or energy consumption) in brain, requires small amount of radioactive substance into bloodstream

93
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

uses MRI to obtain images of brain functioning, reveal extent to which different brain areas are activated during particular tasks

94
Q

neuropsychological testing

A

use of assessment techniques that use behavioral responses to test items, draw inferences about brain functioning

95
Q

clinical interview

A

meeting between clinician and patient, clinician asks questions related to patient’s symptoms and functioning

96
Q

malingering

A

intentional false reporting of symptoms/exaggerating existing symptoms for material gain/to avoid unwanted events

97
Q

factitious disorder

A

disorder marked by false reporting/inducing of medical/psychological symptoms for attention

98
Q

projective test

A

patient presented with ambiguous stimuli (inkblots, etc.), asked to make sense of/explain them

99
Q

scientific method

A

process of gathering and interpreting facts: collect initial observations, identify question, develop hypothesis that might answer question, collect relevant data, develop theory, test theory

100
Q

data

A

methodical observations, include numerical measurements of phenomena

101
Q

replication

A

repeat study using same data collection methods under identical/near-identical conditions, get data that should have same characteristics as those from original study

102
Q

hypothesis

A

preliminary idea proposed to answer question about set of observations

103
Q

theory

A

principle or set of principles that explains set of data

104
Q

predictions

A

hypotheses that should be confirmed if theory is correct

105
Q

experiments

A

research studies, investigators intentionally manipulate one variable at a time, measure consequences of manipulation on one/more other variables

106
Q

independent variable

A

variable that researcher manipulates

107
Q

dependent variable

A

measured, may change values as result of manipulating independent variable

108
Q

confounding variables

A

factors that might inadvertently affect variables of interest in experiment

109
Q

control group

A

participants in experiment, independent variable not manipulated, otherwise treated identically to experimental group

110
Q

bias

A

tendency that distorts data

111
Q

random assignment

A

assign particpiants to groups using procedure that relies on chance

112
Q

sampling bias

A

distortion when participants in experiment not drawn randomly from relevant population

113
Q

population

A

complete set of possible relevant participants

114
Q

sample

A

small portion of a population examined in study

115
Q

internal validity

A

indicates study measures what it claims to measure because it controls for confounds

116
Q

external validity

A

study results generalize from sample to population, conditions used in study are relevant to conditions outside study

117
Q

correlation

A

relationship between measurements of two variables, change in value of one associated with change in value of the other

118
Q

correlation coefficient

A

number that quantifies strength of correlation between two variables, usually symbolized by r

119
Q

statistically significant

A

value of statistical test is greater than what would be expected from chance alone

120
Q

epidemiology

A

correlational research, investigates rate of occurrence, possible causes and risk factors, and course of diseases/disorders

121
Q

longitudinal studies (psychopathology)

A

designed to determine whether given variable is risk factor using data from same participants at various points in time

122
Q

case studies (psychopathology)

A

focuses in detail on one individual and factors that underlie person’s psychological disorder(s)

123
Q

single-participant experiments

A

only one participant

124
Q

meta-analysis

A

statistically combines results of multiple studies that address same question to determine overall effect

125
Q

response bias

A

respond in particular way regardless of what’s being asked by the question

126
Q

social desirability

A

bias, respond in a way that respondents think makes them appear socially desirable, even if untrue

127
Q

experimenter expectancy effect

A

investigator (un)intentionally treats participants in ways that encourage particular responses

128
Q

double-blind design

A

neither participant nor investigator’s assistant knows the group participants are in/predicted results

129
Q

reactivity

A

behavior change when one becomes aware of being observed

130
Q

placebo effect

A

positive effect of medically inert substance or procedure

131
Q

attrition

A

reduction in number of participants during research study

132
Q

common factors

A

helpful aspects of therapy shared by virtually all types of psychotherapy

133
Q

specific factors

A

characteristics of particular treatment/technique that lead it to have unique benefits, beyond those conferred by common factors

134
Q

randomized clinical/controlled trial (RC)

A

has at least 2 groups (treatment and control, usually placebo control), participants randomly assigned

135
Q

allegiance effect

A

studies done by investigators who prefer particular theoretical orientation tend to get data supporting it

136
Q

dose-response relationship

A

association between more treatment (dose) and more improvement (response)

137
Q

mood disorders

A

prolonged and marked disturbances in mood, affect how people feel, what they believe and expect, how they think and talk, and how they interact with others

138
Q

major depressive episode (MDE)

A

mood episode characterized by severe depression, lasts at least 2 weeks

139
Q

anhedonia

A

difficulty or inability to experience pleasure

140
Q

psychomotor agitation

A

inability to sit still (fidgeting)

141
Q

psychomotor retardation

A

slowing of motor functions (slowed movements, less variety of speech etc., vegetative)

142
Q

hypersomnia

A

sleeping more hours each day than normal

143
Q

prodrome

A

early symptoms of a disorder

144
Q

premorbid

A

period of time prior to patient’s illness

145
Q

major depressive disorder (MDD)

A

mood disorder, five or more symptoms of MDE lasting more than 2 weeks

146
Q

phototherapy/lightbox therapy

A

treatment for depression, uses full-spectrum lights

147
Q

age cohort

A

group of people born in particular range of years

148
Q

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A

depressive disorder, as few as two symptoms of major depressive episode that persist for at least 2 years

149
Q

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

A

depressive disorder in children, persistent irritability and frequent episodes of out-of-control behavior

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