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Sophomore Year > Brain, Mind, and Behavior Exam I > Flashcards

Brain, Mind, and Behavior Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

neuroanatomy

A

anatomy of the nervous system

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2
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

connects brain and spinal cord to rest of body

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4
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of PNS, voluntary, has axons that convey sensory information from sense organs to CNS and from CNS to muscles

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of PNS, involuntary, controls the heart, intestines, and other organs. has some cell bodies in brain/spinal cord, some in clusters along sides of spinal cord

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6
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back, the top of the human brain

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7
Q

ventral

A

toward the stomach

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8
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

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9
Q

posterior

A

toward the rear

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10
Q

superior

A

above another part

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11
Q

inferior

A

below another part

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12
Q

lateral

A

toward the side

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13
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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14
Q

proximal

A

located close to the point of origin or attachment

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15
Q

distal

A

located more distant from the point of origin or attachment

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16
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of body

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17
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of body

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18
Q

coronal (frontal) plane

A

shows brain structures as seen from the front

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19
Q

sagittal plane

A

shows brain structures as seen from the side

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20
Q

horizontal plane

A

shows brain structures as seen from above

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21
Q

lamina

A

row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by layer of axons and dendrites

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22
Q

column

A

set of cells perpendicular to surface of cortex, with similar properties

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23
Q

tract

A

set of axons within CNS (projection). if axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synpases onto B, the fibers “project” from A onto B

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24
Q

nerve

A

set of axons in periphery, either from CNS to muscle/gland or from sensory organ to CNS

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25
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies within CNS

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26
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside CNS (i.e. sympathetic nervous system)

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27
Q

gyrus (pl. gyri)

A

protuberance on surface of brain

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28
Q

sulcus (pl. sulci)

A

fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another

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29
Q

fissure

A

long, deep sulcus

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30
Q

spinal cord

A

part of CNS within spinal column. communicates with all sense organs. segmented, each segment has a sensory and motor nerve

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31
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord, sensory neurons

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32
Q

gray matter

A

composed largely of cell bodies and dendrites

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33
Q

white matter

A

consists of myelinated axons

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34
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

part of autonomic nervous system, prepare organs for burst of vigorous activity (“fight or flight”), increased heart rate, breathing, etc., chains of ganglia to left and right of central spinal cord, norepinephrine

35
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest and digest,” facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses, craniosacral region, preganglionic axons from spinal cord -> parasympathetic ganglia close to organs -> postganglionic fibers into organs, acetylcholine

36
Q

hindbrain

A

posterior, contains medulla, pons, and cerebellum

37
Q

brainstem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain, central structures of forebrain

38
Q

medulla

A

enlarged extension of spinal cord, origin of cranial nerves

39
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs, one of each pair on right and left of medulla, control vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate, etc.)

40
Q

pons

A

contains nuclei for several cranial nerves, axons from brain halves cross to opposite side of spinal cord (hemispheres control opposing sides)

41
Q

cerebellum

A

control of movement, timing, certain types of learning and conditioning

42
Q

midbrain

A

tectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra, surrounded by forebrain

43
Q

tectum

A

roof of the midbrain

44
Q

superior colliculus

A

sensory processing (vision)

45
Q

inferior colliculus

A

sensory processing (hearing)

46
Q

tegmentum

A

intermediate level of midbrain, covers some structures

47
Q

substantia nigra

A

gives rise to dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

48
Q

forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia. two cerebral hemispheres. receives sensory information and controls muscles

49
Q

limbic system

A

forms a border around the brainstem: olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus of cerebral cortex

50
Q

hypothalamus

A

has distinct nuclei, conveys messages to pituitary gland to alter release of hormones, damage affects feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, etc.

51
Q

amygdala

A

evaluating emotional information, especially fear

52
Q

thalamus

A

pair of structures in the center of the forebrain, left and right. processes most sensory information and sends output to cerebral cortex

53
Q

pituitary gland

A

endocrine (hormone-producing), responds to hypothalamus

54
Q

basal ganglia

A

includes caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. damage impairs movement. critical for learned skills and habits, etc.

55
Q

nucleus basalis

A

receives input from hypothalamus and basal ganglia, releases acetylcholine to widespread areas in cerebral cortex. wakefulness, attention

56
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for certain types of memories, especially those for individual events. monitor where you are and where you’re going

57
Q

ventricles

A

four fluid-filled cavities within the brain

58
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

produced by choroid plexus cells along walls of four ventricles, cushions the brain against shock, and provides buoyancy, hormones and nutrition for brain and spinal cord

59
Q

meninges

A

membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

60
Q

functional segregation

A

mammalian brains have functional regions, many areas show bilaterality (two-sidedness)

61
Q

cerebral commissures

A

connect two halves of the brain: hippocampal commissure, corpus callosum (biggest connection), massa intermedia, anterior commissure, optic chiasm, posterior commissure

62
Q

william von wagnen

A

transected corpus callosum to lateralize epileptic seizures

63
Q

gazzaniga, myers and sperry

A

gazzaniga worked with split-brain humans, myers and sperry with split-brain cats

64
Q

dual foci of attention

A

search for target item in array faster than intact controls (non split-brain), can monitor two things at once

65
Q

chimeric figures task

A

only symmetrical version of right half of faces recognized (competition between hemispheres)

66
Q

helping-hand phenomenon

A

presented two different visual stimuli, the hand that “knows” may correct the other

67
Q

cerebral cortex

A

cells on outer surface are gray matter, their axons extending inwards are white matter

68
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of axons, allows neurons in separate hemispheres to communicate with each other

69
Q

anterior commissure

A

bundle of axons, smaller than corpus callosum, allows neurons in separate hemispheres to communicate with each other

70
Q

primates

A

monkeys, apes, and humans - have larger cerebral cortex, more folding, and more neurons per unit of volume

71
Q

laminae

A

six distinct layers of cell bodies parallel to surface of cortex and separated by layers of fibers (molecular, external granular, pyramidal cell, internal granular, inner pyramidal, multiform)

72
Q

columns

A

cells of cortex arranged into these, perpendicular to laminae. cells in same column have similar properties

73
Q

occipital lobe

A

posterior end of cortex, visual information, posterior pole = primary visual/striate cortex, damage there causes cortical blindness in related part of visual field (normal eyes)

74
Q

parietal lobe

A

between occipital lobe and central sulcus. monitors information about eye, head, and body positions (spatial and numerical information)

75
Q

postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)

A

receives sensations from touch, muscle-stretch, and joint receptors. four bands of cells parallel to central sulcus, areas along each band receive information from different body parts

76
Q

temporal lobe

A

primary for auditory information, left usually for understanding spoken language. contributes to perception of movement and face recognition, emotional and motivational behaviors

77
Q

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

A

temporal lobe damage, fail to display normal fears and anxieties

78
Q

frontal lobe

A

contains primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex, from central sulcus to anterior limit

79
Q

precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

A

posterior of frontal lobe, specialized for control of fine movements

80
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

anterior of frontal lobe, huge number of synpases, integrate huge amount of information

81
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

disconnecting prefrontal cortex from rest of brain. resulted in apathy, loss of ability to plan and take initiative, loss of emotional expressionals. impulsive

82
Q

delayed-response task

A

damage to frontal cortex, see/hear something and respond after delay

83
Q

binding problem (large-scale integration problem)

A

how various brain areas produce perception of a single object with various senses providing information

Sophomore Year (3 decks)

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