Introduction to basic principles & terminology

Question 1

Deep to superficial layers of epidermis

Answer 1

• stratum basale
• stratum spinosum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum lucidum
• stratum cornerman

Question 2

Layer that is source of epidermal stem cells, cell division, melanocytes

Answer 2

Stratum basale

Question 3

Central layer with desmosomal junctions link keratinocytes

Answer 3

Stratum spinosum

Question 4

Layer containing keratinocytes and flaggrin within keratinocytes

Answer 4

Stratum granulosum

Question 5

Paler layer that contains compact keratin

Answer 5

Stratum lucidum

Question 6

Layer containing De Squamata green keratinocytes & flattened keratinised layer

Answer 6

Stratum corneum

Question 7

Where is stratum lucidum found

Answer 7

Areas of thick skin

Question 8

Layers of dermis, composition, contents & products of its fibroblasts

Answer 8

• 1-4mm
• mostly collagen
• blood vessels, lymphatics, mast cells, nerves, skin appendages
• collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans

Question 9

Composition & function of subcutis

Answer 9

Fat: insulation, protection, energy

Question 10

4 components of skin appendages

Answer 10

• hair
• nails
• sebaceous glands
• sweat glands (eccrine; apocrine)

Question 11

Pilosabecous unit

Answer 11

Hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous unit, ar rector pili muscle

Question 12

Summarise 4 phases of wound healing

Answer 12

Haemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, coagulation
Inflammation: vasodilation, phagocytosis
Proliferation-migration: granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialisation
Remodelling: collagen, scarring

Question 13

Lesion

Answer 13

Altered skin

Question 14

Rash

Answer 14

Eruption

Question 15

Pruritus

Answer 15

Itching

Question 16

Macula

Answer 16

Small flat lesion

Question 17

Patch

Answer 17

Large flat lesion

Question 18

Papule

Answer 18

Small (<0.5cm) solid, raised lesion

Question 19

Plaque

Answer 19

Large scaly raised lesion

Question 20

Nodule

Answer 20

Large solid raised lesion

Question 21

Vesicle

Answer 21

Small raised clear fluid-filled lesion

Question 22

Bulla

Answer 22

Large raised clear fluid-filled lesion

Question 23

Pustule

Answer 23

Small pus-filled lesion

Question 24

Erosion

Answer 24

Superficial loss of some/all epidermis/mucosa only

Question 25

Ulcer

Answer 25

Deep complete loss of epidermis and some dermis/submucosa

Question 26

Scale

Answer 26

Flakes of desquamated stratum corneum, silvery appearance

Question 27

Crust

Answer 27

Dried exudate

Question 28

Excoriation

Answer 28

Epidermal loss

due to trauma

Question 29

Lichenification

Answer 29

Thickening of skin from chronic rubbing

Question 30

Fibrosis

Answer 30

Dermal scarring/thickening reactions

Question 31

Fissure

Answer 31

Linear crack in skin, often v painful

Question 32

Wheal

Answer 32

Short-lived (<24hrs) oedematous, well circumcised papule or plaque seen in urticaria

Question 33

Telangiectasia

Answer 33

Dilated superficial dermal vessels

Question 34

Atrophy

Answer 34

Thinning of epidermal and/or dermal tissue

Question 35

Keloid

Answer 35

Hypertrophic scar - chronic overgrown original wound boundaries

Question 36

Comedone

Answer 36

Dilated hair follicle full of sebum/keratin, open (black) or closed

Question 37

Milium

Answer 37

Small superficial cyst containing keratin (usually <1-2mm in size)

Question 38

Petechiae

Answer 38

Non-blanching small red/purple macules

Question 39

Purpura

Answer 39

Large petechiae

Question 40

Echymoses

Answer 40

Larger extravasating of blood - bruise-like patch

Question 41

Onyholysis

Answer 41

Separation of nail plate from nail bed

Question 42

Pitting

Answer 42

Punctuate depression of nail bed

Question 43

Other than biopsy, name 5 dermatological tests

Answer 43

• simple excision
• skin scrapes/nail clippings/hair extraction
• skin swabs
• patch testing
• Doppler studies

Question 44

Three means of skin biopsies

Answer 44

• curettage
• punch biopsy
• ellipse biopsy