Introduction to Bacteriology with History and Microbial Taxonomy Flashcards
Study of microorganisms or microbes - a diverse group of
generally minute simple life-forms
The field is concerned with the structure, function and
classification of microorganisms
Microbiology
pertains to microorganisms or very small living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. To be able to see them, a microscope is needed for viewing. This includes bacteria
Micro
an Italian Physician that wrote poems about sexually transmitted diseases, specifically syphilis
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)
Early proponent of germ theory of disease - Infections result from tiny self - multiplying bodies that can be spread by direct or indirect contact
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)
Suggested that disease were caused by “invisible creatures”
Lucretius (98-55 B.C.) and Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)
Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
He is considered as the “first true microbiologist”
He is the first person to observe and accurately describe living microorganisms - ”Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology”
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Accurately described living microorganism from specimens through his self - made single high quality lens of very short focal length lens
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
He used the term ”animalcules” or the tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
It states that life arises from non-living matters
The theory suggests that organisms do not descend from
other organism or from a parent and only require that
certain condition in their environment be fulfilled in order
for creation to occur.
Spontaneous Generation Theory
First posited by Aristotle
Spontaneous Generation Theory
Spontaneous Generation Theory states that animals and plants could arise from earth and liquid because of?
- vital heat within the air
- air within the water
- water is the earth
English naturalist
Supporter of Spontaneous Generation Theory
Observed that infusions of organic material in bottles
closed in cork stoppers developed “animalcules”
John Needham (1713-1781)
marker of the existence of microorganisms in the broth culture medium
Turbid
He claimed that microorganisms came from non - living matter inside the flask because he already boiled it and they know that boiling removes microorganisms
John Needham (1713-1781)
Who’s experiment were these points brought up?
- But some people said that he did not heat it enough to kill
all the microorganisms - His experiment was contested for the fact that he did not
heat the broth long enough and animalcules are heat
resistant
John Needham (1713-1781)
Supporters of Spontaneous Generation Theory
John Needham (1713-1781)
Aristotle
Italian physician
Strong opponent of Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
Strong opponent of Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
he demonstrated that maggots could not arise spontaneously from decaying meat
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
Who performed this experiment?
- He placed the fresh meat into a different jar (one jar is
open and one jar is covered) - A few days later, the open jar contained the maggots and
the one that is covered did not contain any maggots - Therefore, maggots had come from fly eggs and could not
spontaneously generate
During this experiment he proved that maggots did not come from the meat which is the non-living matter
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
Italian scientist
He improved Needham’s previous experiments by heating
the broth placed in the sealed jar.
After some time, no microorganisms grew in the boiled flask
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
He suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled
o Needham claims that air is necessary for Spontaneous
Generation
o Also, the vital heat in the air was destroyed in
his experiment
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
By Louis Pasteur
Means making new living things
Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells
Biogenesis
Living things came only through reproduction
German scientist
Father of Modern Pathology / Cellular Pathology
He challenged spontaneous generation with the concept
of Biogenesis
Rudolf Virchow
He proposed the aseptic technique
He resolved the issue on Spontaneous Generation with a
series of ingenious and persuasive experiment.
He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the
air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself
does not create microbe.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- use of heat in killing microorganisms
- A method used in preventing contamination by unwanted
organisms
Aseptic Technique
He proposed the aseptic technique
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
He resolved the issue on Spontaneous Generation with a
series of ingenious and persuasive experiment.
He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the
air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself
does not create microbe.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
These are Pasteur’s contribution to what science?
o He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
o He developed the vaccine against anthrax (1881) and
rabies (1885)
o He improved the wine-making process (fermentation and
pasteurization)
Microbial Science
Hungarian physician
He demonstrated that routine handwashing could prevent
the spread of diseases
Ignaz Semmelweis (1816-1865)
What spawned from these observations?
Observed two divisions:
- First division - handled by student interns
- Mothers developed puerperal fever
- Case 1: He found out that the student interns are doing
autopsies before performing the labor of mothers
- Case 2: A woman died due to puerperal fever after being
wounded
- Second division - handled by midwives
- The mothers were healthy
Semmelweis’ Thesis
This practice decreased the numbers of maternal death in the first division of the Semmelweis’ Thesis
He suggested to wash hands with solution of chlorinated lime before handling the healthy mothers
British surgeon and a medical scientist
He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain
Founder of antiseptic medicine
Pioneer in preventive medicine
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
He pioneered in promoting hygiene among surgeons:
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Who is best know to pioneer these procedures?
- handwashing before and after an operation
- wearing of gloves
- sterilization of surgical instruments
- use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound
dressing
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
It is a based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases
Germ Theory of Disease
Who is best known for these achievements?
He was the first to show irrefutable proof that bacteria
cause diseases.
He discovered: Bacillus anthracis (1876), Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (1882)
He was the first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes,
gelatin, meat extract and protein
He developed a culture media for observing bacterial
growth isolated from the human body
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
He discovered: Bacillus anthracis
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
What postulate is described here?
Using a diseased microorganism, he suspected that the agent is in the blood of the disease microorganism
o Get a specimen from the disease’s microorganism
o Inoculate it in a culture medium
o When you get the colonies from the culture medium,
inoculate it again in a healthy organism
o The healthy organism should acquire the same infection
as the disease, and it will die
o Get specimen from the infected inoculated infected
organism
o Isolate the same organism from the inoculated
organism
Koch’s Postulates
Which concluded that microorganisms can cause disease
British physician
He introduced the concept of vaccination
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Assumed that the VARIOLATION from the cowpox can cause immunization with smallpox
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Edward Jenner inoculated him by applying a fresh cowpox lesion from Sarah Nelms
James Phipps the 8 year old son of a gardener
Where he was able to develop immunization against smallpox coming from cowpox
alive pathogen but with reduced virulence
Attenuated
They made a series of experiments to produce an attenuated strains of bacteria
Louis Pasteur (1882-1895) and Pierre Paul Emile Roux (1853- 1933)
He discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics
Selman Waksman (1888-1973)
He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin. AKA Penicillium notatum - a fungi
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
He discovered salvarsan. AKA arsphenamine, which is used for the treatment of syphilis
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)
Is the science that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms
Microbiology
One that benefits all of the contributing parties
Ex. Lichens – consist of a fungus and a phototropic partner either an alga or cyanobacteria
Mutualism
A continuing association of different organisms.
Symbiosis
Operates primarily to the benefit of one party. Relationship in which a host provides the primary benefit to the parasite or the parasite is mainly benefiting from the host and the host may experience harm
Parasitism
The host is left unharmed but the other party is benefiting
Commensalism
Two major categories of microbes
o Acellular microbes (infectious particles)
o Cellular microbes (microorganisms)
Smallest infectious particles
VIROIDS
Mostly resistant infectious particles
Cannot be easily destroyed
PRIONS
Do not have organelles or nucleus but have RNA and DNA
VIRUSES
What type of cellular microbes are these?
Archaea
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Prokaryotes
What type of cellular microbes are these?
Algae
Protozoa
Fungi
Slime Molds
Eukaryotes
Has a ribosome density of 70S (50S + 30S)
Prokaryotes
Has a ribosome density of 80S (60S + 40S)
Eukaryotes
Organisms in which DNA is NOT physically separated from
cytoplasm
Do NOT have a membrane – bound organelles
Prokaryotes
Organisms containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotes
Single-celled organisms without a membrane bound
nucleus
Have variety of shapes including spheres, rods, and
spirals.
Individual cells generally range in width from 0.5 to 5
micrometers
Bacteria
Eukaryotic microbes
Kingdom Protista – collectively they are called protists
(together with protozoa)
Photosynthetic, eukaryotic organism
Algae
Study of Algae
Phycology
What might these describe?
o Important source of food, iodine and other minerals
o Fertilizers
o Emulsifiers for pudding
o Stabilizers for ice cream and salad dressings
o Gelling agent (solidifying agent) for jams and nutrient or
culture media for bacterial growth
Algae
solidifying agent in laboratory culture media
Red marine algae
is an algae that can cause very rare human infections (causing a disease known as protothecosis) which is breakage in the skin of a person. This algae lives in soil and can enter wounds on the feet
Prototheca
is a substance secreted by other genera of Algae. It is poisonous to humans, fish, and other animals.
Phycotoxins
What might these describe?
Eukaryotic organisms
Found everywhere on earth; some are sacrophytic others
are parasitic
“garbage disposers” of nature – the “vultures” of the
microbial world
Nonphotosynthetic
Cell walls contain a polysaccharide – chitin
Fungi
fungi that do not cause disease
saprophytic fungi
This is found in?
Grow as filaments called hyphae (intertwined to for a mass called mycelium or mycelia)
Fungi
Yeast are unicellular, moulds are multicellular
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
What microorganism does this best describe?
Non-photosynthetic organism
Single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms
Protozoa
A Motile, feeding, dividing stage Protozoa
Trophozoite
Giardia lamblia
A Nonmotile (do not have flagella), dormant, survival stage Protozoa
Cyst
Move by means of cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia
Amoebaes
move by means of large numbers of hair - like cilia of their surfaces
Ciliates
Most complex protozoa
Ciliates
is an example of ciliate that causes dysentery in underdeveloped country; only ciliated protozoan that can cause disease to humans
Balantidium coli
The basal body (kinetosome or kinetoplast) of this classification anchors each flagellum within the cytoplasm
Flagellates
functions for protection (they do NOT have cell walls
Pellicles
primitive mouth or opening (some parasites have cytostomes and some do not have)
Cytostomes
Considered on the borderline of living organisms
Viruses
Not all viruses are obligates
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
All viruses are obligate parasites
Define Obligate Virus
it needs a host to live and cause a disease.
What does this describe?
Smaller than viruses
Simplest infectious agents
Obligate parasites; self-perpetuating proteins
Can cause disease
PRIONS
Consist of a fungus and phototropic partner either an alga or cyanobacteria
Lichens
called true (plasmoidal) slime molds
Myxomycota
they are the cellular slime molds
Dictyosteliomycota
Both were formerly classified as fungi but are now considered protists
Myxomycota and Dictyosteliomycota
Often found on old, well-rotted logs because there they can find the moisture and bacteria required for survival.
Slime molds
Area of biologic science comprising of 3 distinct but highly interrelated disciplines:
Taxonomy
In Taxonomy the naming and the classification is the same worldwide
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated.
Identification
organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids.
Genotypic characteristics
based on features beyond the genetic level and include both readily observable characteristics and those that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected.
Phenotypic characteristics
What morphology is observed here?
inoculate and grow colonies after 18-24 hours
Macroscopic morphology
What morphology is observed here?
gram staining or any staining technique morphology
Microscopic morphology
an example under phenotypic characteristics
Biochemical testing
The profiles of microorganisms established by various serologic and immunologic methods to determine relatedness among various microbial groups
Antigenic Properties
A method of organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic and genetic traits
Classification
Encompasses a group of organisms that may contain multiple genera and consists of organisms with a common tribute
suffix –aceae
Family
Contains different species that have several important features in common.
Genus
Most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share common physiologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species
Species
same species but differ phenotypically
Subspecies
same species, same genetic makeup, but different physiologic characteristics
Biotype
same species but differ serologically (serovariation)
Serovar
same species, but different subtype or genetic variant
Strain
Naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines set forth in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or the Bacteriological Code (BC)
Nomenclature
Binomial System of Nomenclature includes?
Genus and species
In the Binomial System of Nomenclature:
The first letter of the genus is capitalized
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Genus designation - first letter is always capitalized
(Staphylococcus) aureus
In the Binomial System of Nomenclature:
The first letter of the species is in lower case
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
species designation - first letter is always lower case
Staphylococcus (aureus)
The Binomial System of Nomenclature is printed in italics
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Printed copies are italiscized
The Binomial System of Nomenclature is underlined in script
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Scripted copies are underlined
