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Bacteriology > Introduction to Bacteriology with History and Microbial Taxonomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Bacteriology with History and Microbial Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

 Study of microorganisms or microbes - a diverse group of
generally minute simple life-forms
 The field is concerned with the structure, function and
classification of microorganisms

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

pertains to microorganisms or very small living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. To be able to see them, a microscope is needed for viewing. This includes bacteria

A

Micro

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3
Q

an Italian Physician that wrote poems about sexually transmitted diseases, specifically syphilis

A

Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

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4
Q

Early proponent of germ theory of disease - Infections result from tiny self - multiplying bodies that can be spread by direct or indirect contact

A

Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

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5
Q

Suggested that disease were caused by “invisible creatures”

A

Lucretius (98-55 B.C.) and Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

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6
Q

Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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7
Q

He is considered as the “first true microbiologist”

He is the first person to observe and accurately describe living microorganisms - ”Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology”

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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8
Q

Accurately described living microorganism from specimens through his self - made single high quality lens of very short focal length lens

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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9
Q

He used the term ”animalcules” or the tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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10
Q

 It states that life arises from non-living matters
 The theory suggests that organisms do not descend from
other organism or from a parent and only require that
certain condition in their environment be fulfilled in order
for creation to occur.

A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

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11
Q

First posited by Aristotle

A

Spontaneous Generation Theory

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12
Q

Spontaneous Generation Theory states that animals and plants could arise from earth and liquid because of?

A
  • vital heat within the air
  • air within the water
  • water is the earth
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13
Q

 English naturalist
 Supporter of Spontaneous Generation Theory
 Observed that infusions of organic material in bottles
closed in cork stoppers developed “animalcules”

A

John Needham (1713-1781)

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14
Q

marker of the existence of microorganisms in the broth culture medium

A

Turbid

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15
Q

He claimed that microorganisms came from non - living matter inside the flask because he already boiled it and they know that boiling removes microorganisms

A

John Needham (1713-1781)

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16
Q

Who’s experiment were these points brought up?

  • But some people said that he did not heat it enough to kill
    all the microorganisms
  • His experiment was contested for the fact that he did not
    heat the broth long enough and animalcules are heat
    resistant
A

John Needham (1713-1781)

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17
Q

Supporters of Spontaneous Generation Theory

A

John Needham (1713-1781)
Aristotle

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18
Q

 Italian physician
 Strong opponent of Spontaneous Generation

A

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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19
Q

Strong opponent of Spontaneous Generation

A

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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20
Q

he demonstrated that maggots could not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

A

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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21
Q

Who performed this experiment?

  • He placed the fresh meat into a different jar (one jar is
    open and one jar is covered)
  • A few days later, the open jar contained the maggots and
    the one that is covered did not contain any maggots
  • Therefore, maggots had come from fly eggs and could not
    spontaneously generate

During this experiment he proved that maggots did not come from the meat which is the non-living matter

A

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

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22
Q

 Italian scientist
 He improved Needham’s previous experiments by heating
the broth placed in the sealed jar.

After some time, no microorganisms grew in the boiled flask

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

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23
Q

He suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

o Needham claims that air is necessary for Spontaneous
Generation
o Also, the vital heat in the air was destroyed in
his experiment

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

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24
Q

 By Louis Pasteur
 Means making new living things
 Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells

A

Biogenesis

Living things came only through reproduction

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25
Q

 German scientist
 Father of Modern Pathology / Cellular Pathology
 He challenged spontaneous generation with the concept
of Biogenesis

A

Rudolf Virchow

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26
Q

 He proposed the aseptic technique
 He resolved the issue on Spontaneous Generation with a
series of ingenious and persuasive experiment.
 He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the
air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself
does not create microbe.

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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27
Q
  • use of heat in killing microorganisms
  • A method used in preventing contamination by unwanted
    organisms
A

Aseptic Technique

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28
Q

He proposed the aseptic technique

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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29
Q

 He resolved the issue on Spontaneous Generation with a
series of ingenious and persuasive experiment.
 He demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the
air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself
does not create microbe.

A

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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30
Q

These are Pasteur’s contribution to what science?

o He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
o He developed the vaccine against anthrax (1881) and
rabies (1885)
o He improved the wine-making process (fermentation and
pasteurization)

A

Microbial Science

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31
Q

 Hungarian physician
 He demonstrated that routine handwashing could prevent
the spread of diseases

A

Ignaz Semmelweis (1816-1865)

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32
Q

What spawned from these observations?

Observed two divisions:
- First division - handled by student interns
- Mothers developed puerperal fever
- Case 1: He found out that the student interns are doing
autopsies before performing the labor of mothers
- Case 2: A woman died due to puerperal fever after being
wounded
- Second division - handled by midwives
- The mothers were healthy

A

Semmelweis’ Thesis

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33
Q

This practice decreased the numbers of maternal death in the first division of the Semmelweis’ Thesis

A

He suggested to wash hands with solution of chlorinated lime before handling the healthy mothers

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34
Q

 British surgeon and a medical scientist
 He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain
 Founder of antiseptic medicine
 Pioneer in preventive medicine

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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35
Q

He pioneered in promoting hygiene among surgeons:

A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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36
Q

Who is best know to pioneer these procedures?

  • handwashing before and after an operation
  • wearing of gloves
  • sterilization of surgical instruments
  • use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound
    dressing
A

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

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37
Q

It is a based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases

A

Germ Theory of Disease

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38
Q

Who is best known for these achievements?

 He was the first to show irrefutable proof that bacteria
cause diseases.
 He discovered: Bacillus anthracis (1876), Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (1882)
 He was the first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes,
gelatin, meat extract and protein
 He developed a culture media for observing bacterial
growth isolated from the human body

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

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39
Q

He discovered: Bacillus anthracis

A

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

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40
Q

What postulate is described here?

Using a diseased microorganism, he suspected that the agent is in the blood of the disease microorganism
o Get a specimen from the disease’s microorganism
o Inoculate it in a culture medium
o When you get the colonies from the culture medium,
inoculate it again in a healthy organism
o The healthy organism should acquire the same infection
as the disease, and it will die
o Get specimen from the infected inoculated infected
organism
o Isolate the same organism from the inoculated
organism

A

Koch’s Postulates

Which concluded that microorganisms can cause disease

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41
Q

 British physician
 He introduced the concept of vaccination

A

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

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42
Q

Assumed that the VARIOLATION from the cowpox can cause immunization with smallpox

A

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

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43
Q

Edward Jenner inoculated him by applying a fresh cowpox lesion from Sarah Nelms

A

James Phipps the 8 year old son of a gardener

Where he was able to develop immunization against smallpox coming from cowpox

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44
Q

alive pathogen but with reduced virulence

A

Attenuated

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45
Q

They made a series of experiments to produce an attenuated strains of bacteria

A

Louis Pasteur (1882-1895) and Pierre Paul Emile Roux (1853- 1933)

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46
Q

He discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

A

Selman Waksman (1888-1973)

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47
Q

He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin. AKA Penicillium notatum - a fungi

A

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

48
Q

He discovered salvarsan. AKA arsphenamine, which is used for the treatment of syphilis

A

Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915)

49
Q

Is the science that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms

A

Microbiology

50
Q

One that benefits all of the contributing parties

Ex. Lichens – consist of a fungus and a phototropic partner either an alga or cyanobacteria

A

Mutualism

51
Q

A continuing association of different organisms.

A

Symbiosis

52
Q

Operates primarily to the benefit of one party. Relationship in which a host provides the primary benefit to the parasite or the parasite is mainly benefiting from the host and the host may experience harm

A

Parasitism

53
Q

The host is left unharmed but the other party is benefiting

A

Commensalism

54
Q

Two major categories of microbes

A

o Acellular microbes (infectious particles)
o Cellular microbes (microorganisms)

55
Q

Smallest infectious particles

A

VIROIDS

56
Q

 Mostly resistant infectious particles
 Cannot be easily destroyed

A

PRIONS

57
Q

Do not have organelles or nucleus but have RNA and DNA

A

VIRUSES

58
Q

What type of cellular microbes are these?

Archaea
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria

A

Prokaryotes

59
Q

What type of cellular microbes are these?

Algae
Protozoa
Fungi
Slime Molds

A

Eukaryotes

60
Q

Has a ribosome density of 70S (50S + 30S)

A

Prokaryotes

61
Q

Has a ribosome density of 80S (60S + 40S)

A

Eukaryotes

62
Q

 Organisms in which DNA is NOT physically separated from
cytoplasm
 Do NOT have a membrane – bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes

63
Q

Organisms containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

A

Eukaryotes

64
Q

 Single-celled organisms without a membrane bound
nucleus
 Have variety of shapes including spheres, rods, and
spirals.
 Individual cells generally range in width from 0.5 to 5
micrometers

A

Bacteria

65
Q

 Eukaryotic microbes
 Kingdom Protista – collectively they are called protists
(together with protozoa)
 Photosynthetic, eukaryotic organism

A

Algae

66
Q

Study of Algae

A

Phycology

67
Q

What might these describe?

o Important source of food, iodine and other minerals
o Fertilizers
o Emulsifiers for pudding
o Stabilizers for ice cream and salad dressings
o Gelling agent (solidifying agent) for jams and nutrient or
culture media for bacterial growth

A

Algae

68
Q

solidifying agent in laboratory culture media

A

Red marine algae

69
Q

is an algae that can cause very rare human infections (causing a disease known as protothecosis) which is breakage in the skin of a person. This algae lives in soil and can enter wounds on the feet

A

Prototheca

70
Q

is a substance secreted by other genera of Algae. It is poisonous to humans, fish, and other animals.

A

Phycotoxins

71
Q

What might these describe?

 Eukaryotic organisms
 Found everywhere on earth; some are sacrophytic others
are parasitic
 “garbage disposers” of nature – the “vultures” of the
microbial world
 Nonphotosynthetic
 Cell walls contain a polysaccharide – chitin

A

Fungi

72
Q

fungi that do not cause disease

A

saprophytic fungi

73
Q

This is found in?

Grow as filaments called hyphae (intertwined to for a mass called mycelium or mycelia)

A

Fungi

74
Q

Yeast are unicellular, moulds are multicellular

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

75
Q

What microorganism does this best describe?

 Non-photosynthetic organism
 Single-celled, eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Protozoa

76
Q

A Motile, feeding, dividing stage Protozoa

A

Trophozoite

Giardia lamblia

77
Q

A Nonmotile (do not have flagella), dormant, survival stage Protozoa

A

Cyst

78
Q

Move by means of cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia

A

Amoebaes

79
Q

move by means of large numbers of hair - like cilia of their surfaces

A

Ciliates

80
Q

Most complex protozoa

A

Ciliates

81
Q

is an example of ciliate that causes dysentery in underdeveloped country; only ciliated protozoan that can cause disease to humans

A

Balantidium coli

82
Q

The basal body (kinetosome or kinetoplast) of this classification anchors each flagellum within the cytoplasm

A

Flagellates

83
Q

functions for protection (they do NOT have cell walls

A

Pellicles

84
Q

primitive mouth or opening (some parasites have cytostomes and some do not have)

A

Cytostomes

85
Q

Considered on the borderline of living organisms

A

Viruses

86
Q

Not all viruses are obligates

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

All viruses are obligate parasites

87
Q

Define Obligate Virus

A

it needs a host to live and cause a disease.

88
Q

What does this describe?

 Smaller than viruses
 Simplest infectious agents
 Obligate parasites; self-perpetuating proteins
 Can cause disease

A

PRIONS

89
Q

Consist of a fungus and phototropic partner either an alga or cyanobacteria

A

Lichens

90
Q

called true (plasmoidal) slime molds

A

Myxomycota

91
Q

they are the cellular slime molds

A

Dictyosteliomycota

92
Q

Both were formerly classified as fungi but are now considered protists

A

Myxomycota and Dictyosteliomycota

93
Q

Often found on old, well-rotted logs because there they can find the moisture and bacteria required for survival.

A

Slime molds

94
Q

Area of biologic science comprising of 3 distinct but highly interrelated disciplines:

A

Taxonomy

95
Q

In Taxonomy the naming and the classification is the same worldwide

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

96
Q

Process by which a microorganism’s key features are delineated.

A

Identification

97
Q

organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids.

A

Genotypic characteristics

98
Q

based on features beyond the genetic level and include both readily observable characteristics and those that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected.

A

Phenotypic characteristics

99
Q

What morphology is observed here?

inoculate and grow colonies after 18-24 hours

A

Macroscopic morphology

100
Q

What morphology is observed here?

gram staining or any staining technique morphology

A

Microscopic morphology

101
Q

an example under phenotypic characteristics

A

Biochemical testing

102
Q

The profiles of microorganisms established by various serologic and immunologic methods to determine relatedness among various microbial groups

A

Antigenic Properties

103
Q

A method of organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic and genetic traits

A

Classification

104
Q

Encompasses a group of organisms that may contain multiple genera and consists of organisms with a common tribute

suffix –aceae

A

Family

105
Q

Contains different species that have several important features in common.

A

Genus

106
Q

Most basic of the taxonomic groups and can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains that share common physiologic and genetic features and differ notably from other microbial species

A

Species

107
Q

same species but differ phenotypically

A

Subspecies

108
Q

same species, same genetic makeup, but different physiologic characteristics

A

Biotype

109
Q

same species but differ serologically (serovariation)

A

Serovar

110
Q

same species, but different subtype or genetic variant

A

Strain

111
Q

Naming of microorganisms according to established rules and guidelines set forth in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or the Bacteriological Code (BC)

A

Nomenclature

112
Q

Binomial System of Nomenclature includes?

A

Genus and species

113
Q

In the Binomial System of Nomenclature:

The first letter of the genus is capitalized

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

Genus designation - first letter is always capitalized

(Staphylococcus) aureus

114
Q

In the Binomial System of Nomenclature:

The first letter of the species is in lower case

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

species designation - first letter is always lower case

Staphylococcus (aureus)

115
Q

The Binomial System of Nomenclature is printed in italics

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

Printed copies are italiscized

116
Q

The Binomial System of Nomenclature is underlined in script

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

Scripted copies are underlined

Bacteriology (4 decks)

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