Bacterial Structure, Genetics, and Metabolism Flashcards
What are the metabolic processes?
Fueling
Biosynthesis
Polymerization
Assembly
A metabolic product of metabolic reactions
Glucose
building blocks made from biosynthetic reactions
Fatty acids
Sugars
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Macromolecules that are a result of Polymerization
Lipid
Lipopolysaccharide
Glycogen
Murein
Protein
RNA
DNA
Macromolecule assembled structures
Inclusions
Envelope
Flagella
Pili
Cytosol
Polyribosomes
Nucleoid
Utilization of metabolic pathways involved in Acquisition of nutrients from the environment, Production of precursor metabolites, and Energy production
Fueling
Involved in the production of precursor metabolites
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway or EMP (Glycolysis)
Tri-carboxylic Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle)
Nutritional Requirements for Bacterial Metabolism
Carbon
Nitrogen
Water
ATP (energy)
Inorganic Compounds
Carbon is taken up differently on classification; for an AUTOTROPH they take up?
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon is taken up differently on classification; for an HETEROTROPH they take up?
Organic compounds
Organisms that require additional nutrients to grow
Fastidious Organisms
Fastidious Organism that require Salt
Vibrio spp.
Fastidious Organism that require (X Factor) and NAD (V Factor)
Haemophilus spp.
Fastidious Organism that require Cytsteine
Legionella pneumophilia
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
glycogen, Enter PPP to form ribose-5-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
Enter PPP to form Ribose-5-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
NAD Production, Re-enter glycolysis
Ribose-5-phosphate
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
aromatic amino acids
Erythrose 4-phosphate (from Ribose-5-Phosphate)
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
Ribulose-5-phosphate, Serine
3-Phosphoglycerate
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
enter TCA
Pyruvate
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
source of Energy in Phosphotransferase System
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Precursor Metabolites produced from EMP
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Ribose-5-phosphate
Erythrose 4-phosphate (from Ribose-5-Phosphate)
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Pyruvate
Precursor Metabolites produced from TCA
Acetyl CoA
a-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA
Oxaloacetate
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
Fatty Acids
Acetyl CoA
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
Nitrogen transporter, Transamination (Ammonium + Glutamate)
a-Ketoglutarate
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
Ketone Formation
Succinyl CoA
What precursor metabolite does this describe?
Fatty Acids, Aspartate, Enters Glyoxylate Cycle
Oxaloacetate
How Energy Production may take place?
Substrate Phosphorylation from EMP & TCA
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport)
Fermentation of Pyruvate
What is converted in Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport)
Conversion of NADH/NADPH/FADH2 and Oxygen to ATP
What happens in the Fermentation of Pyruvate
Ethanol Production or Lactic Acid Production
Acetoin Production
Mixed-Acid Fermentation (Lactic Acid, Ethanol, Formic Acid, Acetic Acid)
Involves anabolic reactions that utilize precursor products in
dozens of pathways to produce building blocks
Biosynthesis
Involves anabolic reactions that bring together the building
blocks to form macromolecules which ASSEMBLE to form the different cellular structures
Polymerization
Nucleic Acids are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called
Nucleotides.
Nucleotide units consist of a Nitrogen heterocyclic base, a pentose sugar, and a __________ residue.
Phosphate
are derivatives of pyrimidine and purine bases.
Nucleotide Bases
Properties of Nucleotide Bases
Aromatic
Strongly absorbs UV Light
Exhibits keto-enol tautomerism
are nucleotide bases bound to a pentose
sugar by N-glycosidic bond
Nucleoside
a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups covalently bound (ester bond) to the 3’- or 5’-position
of the pentose.
Nucleotide
Bonds between bases on opposite chains determine the alignment of the helix, with the paired bases lying
in planes perpendicular to the helix axis.
Hydrogen Bonds
The chains of Nucleic acids run in antiparallel directions, one 3’ to 5’ and the other 5’ to 3
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
This cell has circular DNA
Prokaryotic
This cell has linear DNA
Eukaryotic
Each subunit (segment of the DNA wrapped in a histone) is a beadlike structure called
Nucleosome
Bacterial structure has a cell architecture that follows that of a Prokaryotic cell’s design
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Mode of reproduction by bacteria and prokaryotes
Binary fission
Site of Energy Production by Prokaryotes
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Site of Energy Production by Eukaryotes
Mitochondria
Match this Ribosome unit with it corresponding type of cell
70S
Prokaryotes
Match this Ribosome unit with it corresponding type of cell
80S
Eukaryotes
Though prokaryotes do have cell walls, what are the two prokaryotes that have this structure absent?
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
Part of the cell that determines gram reaction
Cell envelope
Special gate channels involved in antibiotic
resistance mechanism
Porins
are bridges between structures an ENCHANCER that enhance the binding of crystal violet to cell wall
Mordants like Iodine
Stain that Attaches primarily to the peptidoglycan -
for gram positive. For gram negative it
binds to the outer layer.
Crystal Violet
compounds that dissolve the macromolecule lipids in the outer membrane together with crystal violet
Alcoholic compounds like ethanol
Most crucial step in gram staining
Decolorization using alcohol
Stain used to visualize gram-negative bacteria
Safranin O
Bacteria that stains purple
Gram +
Bacteria that stains pink
Gram -
may not stain properly in the staining procedure due to the presence of mycolic acid
Acid Fast Bacteria
They are hydrophobic and WEAKLY gram +
Acid Fast Bacteria
Contains Lipoarabinomannan and Phosphatidyl Mannosides along with Mycolic Acid
Acid Fast Bacteria
restricts antibiotics and toxins from entering bacteria cell and responsible for the serotyping of bacteria
O Antigen or O specific polysaccharide
Folded areas of cell membrane and site of enzymatic activity necessary for energy production
Mesosomes
Point of attachment of a nucleoid
Mesosomes
also called K antigen, cell coat, Pericellular matrix
Glycocalyx
Viewed by negative staining in India Ink or Hiss stain, which stains it white
Capsule (Glycocalyx)
➢ Similar to capsule but diffused
➢ May adhere to prosthetic implants and form biofilms
➢ Loose and flowing
Slime Layer
➢ Aggregates of microorganisms housed in a complex
polysaccharide matrix
➢ Cohesive and adheres to surfaces
Biofilms
Cellular appendage for conjugation or genetic material transfer
Sex Pili
Responsible for locomotion
Flagellum
Type of flagellar arrangement that has no flagella
Atrichous
Type of flagellar arrangement that has a flagellum on one side only
Monotrichous
Type of flagellar arrangement that has 2
flagellum 1 at both ends.
Amphitrichous
Type of flagellar arrangement that is surrounded by flagella
Peritrichous
Type of flagellar arrangement that has a lot of flagellum at one side
Cephalotrichous
Type of flagellar arrangement that has many flagellum at both sides
Lophotrichous
Site of protein synthesis in bacteria and contains granular polysomes
Cytoplasm or Cytosol
❖ Small, Resting, Inactive (Dormant)
❖ Asexual Spores
❖ Highly Resistant to Unfavorable Condition
Endospores
Endospores are visualized using this technique
Schaeffer-Fulton Technique
Functions as nutrient storage
Inclusion bodies
Lipid rich inclusion bodies
Much’s granules
Inclusion bodies that are metachromatic bodies (also known as Volutin granules) made of polyphosphates
Babes-Ernst granules
Inclusion bodies that store Glycogen
Halberstaedter-Prowazeck Bodies
Classify these granules/inclusion bodies with their corresponding organism
Much’s granules
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Classify these granules/inclusion bodies with their corresponding organism
Babes-Ernst granules metachromatic bodies
(also known as Volutin granules) made of
polyphosphates
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Classify these granules/inclusion bodies with their corresponding organism
Halberstaedter-Prowazeck Bodies-Glycogen
Chlamydia trachomatis
What kind of cell do these describe?
- Do not have membrane bound organelles
- Does not have a true nucleus
- Density of ribosomes is 70S (Svedberg units), and this ribosome can be broken down to 50S and 30S.
- Ribosome subunits play a critical role in the transcription and translation of the Central dogma
- Has Circular DNA
- Contains Extrachromosomal DNA
Prokaryotic cell
DNA that has no physiological significance in the cellular architecture of Bacteria), therefore it exists as an independent structure. Ex. Plasmids
Extrachromosomal DNA
note: extra meaning that the bacteria do not die upon removal of extrachromosomal DNA
Cell that lacks mitochondria
Prokaryotic cell
All prokaryotes have cell walls?
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma are eubacteria that do NOT possess a cell wall
Cell that reproduces via Binary fission
Prokaryotic cell
Bacteria that only has proteins in its cell wall and the absence of peptidoglycans
Archaea
also known as TRUE bacteria
Eubacteria
They are Eukaryotic and Unicellular
Protozoans
They are Eukaryotic and Multicellular
Metazoans (worms)
Possess a cell wall like plants and bacteria, and they are also Filamentous
Fungi
They are Acellular nucleic acid
Virus
They are Acellular protein
Prions
Length of Bacterial cell
Range from 1um to 3um in length
Round shaped bacterial cell
Cocci
Rod shaped bacterial cell
Bacilli
Spiral or Helical shaped bacterial cell
Spirilla
Consists of the membrane and structures surrounding the cytoplasm
Maintains selective permeability and cell shape
Bacterial Cell envelope
Part of the bacterial cell envelope of Gram- bacteria that mimics the cell membrane
Outer membrane
Also called a capsule
Glycocalyx
Determines the Gram Staining characteristic of Bacteria
Cell Envelope
Gram+ or Gram-?
Purple Stained
Gram+
Gram+ or Gram-?
Pink stained
Gram-
Gram+ or Gram-?
No outer membrane
Gram+
Gram+ or Gram-?
Presence of outer membrane
Gram-
Gram+ or Gram-?
Thick Cell Wall with more affinity to Crystal Violet stain
Gram+
Gram+ or Gram-?
Thinner Cell Wall (maybe even a single layer) due to the presence of the Outer Membrane, therefore allowing Safranin O to stain it
Gram-
Order the Gram Staining procedure
- Apply a Mordant like Iodine that enhances the binding of Crystal Violet to the cell wall
- Apply Crystal Violet the Primary stain binding to cell wall in Gram+ and Outer membrane in Gram-
- Apply a counter stain like Safranin O, which then binds to the thin cell wall of Gram- bacteria to produce the pinkish color since the outer membrane is no longer present
- Decolorize by adding the alcoholic compound Ethanol to dissolve the lipids in the outer membrane together with the binded Crystal Violet
2–>1–>4–>3
are bridges between structures, it is an ENCHANCER that enhance the binding of crystal violet to cell wall
Mordants
they dissolve the macromolecule lipids in the outer membrane together with crystal violet
Alcoholic compounds
A bi-layered structure composed of lipopolysaccharide important in the virulence of Gram- bacteria
Outer Membrane
Special gate channels (Porin Channels) may be found where?
Outer Membrane
are important in antimicrobial resistance like in Pseudomonas that has an abundance of these channels
Porin channels
Composed of 3 important domains
O-specific polysaccharide
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A
Lipopolysaccharide
What domain of Lipopolysaccharide is this?
Also known as the O antigen, which is responsible for
serotypes that vary among Gram- organisms
Restricts antibiotics and toxins from entering bacterial
cell
Absent in some Gram- bacteria
O-specific polysaccharide
What domain of Lipopolysaccharide is this?
Bridge between the other 2 domains
Built from monosaccharides arranged in linear and
branched structures
Core Polysaccharide
What domain of Lipopolysaccharide is this?
Most important domain
Contains Endotoxin that causes fever and shock
Too much Endotoxin will activate coagulation proteins
resulting in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
(DIC)
The structure is located within or more internally than
the O antigen, hence it is not commonly used for
serotyping unlike the exposed O antigen
Lipid A
A shorter chain or the loss of the O-specific polysaccharide or O antigen creates a what?
Lipo-oligosaccharide
A layer composed of peptidoglycans
Cell wall or Murein Layer/Peptidoglycan Layer
Consisting of glycans and short peptides that cross link with each other to form a mesh or lattice
Peptidoglycans
Alternating series of Glycans (N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) ) that carry short peptides
Peptidoglycans
The glycan which carries short peptides
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
are responsible for cross linking with peptidoglycan sheets
Short peptide chains
The NAD carried oligopeptide crosslinks with other NAM of other peptidoglycan chains (cross linked peptidoglycan chains forms the peptidoglycan layer)
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
The oligopeptide is carried by NAM not NAD
What structure is this in the cell wall of Gram+ bacteria?
It is before the peptidoglycan chain
It is attached to the cell wall (peptidoglycan) binded via
Anionic polymers
Wall Teichoic Acid
Attracts Cations the confer flexibility of the cell wall
Anionic Polymers
The anionic nature of Wall Teichoic Acid modulates susceptibility to cationic antibiotics
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
What does this describe?
Structure that runs perpendicular to peptidoglycan
sheets
Linear polymers of polyglycerol or polyributol with
phosphates and a few amino acids and sugars
Teichoic acid
What does this describe?
Mimics NAM and NAD
Has a Glycerol-3- Phosphate units (GroP) in the
outermost section
N-Acetylmannosamine (ManNAc)
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcNAc)
Disaccharide linkage unit
responsible for binding the wall teichoic acid to the peptidoglycan layer via a phosphodiester bond to the C6 hydroxyl of NAM in the peptidoglycan
The 1 phosphate group in N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate (GlcNAc)
How Energy Production is achieved in Fueling of Bacterial Metabolism
via substrate level phophorylation
the only phosphate that does not enter PPP
THIS IS THE END PRODUCT OF EMP
Ribose-5-phosphate
Precursor metabolites play a role in Biosynthesis
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Associated with beta oxidation
Fatty Acids
is when electrons become ATP, which is found in aerobes
Oxidatives
The phase in the Bacterial growth curve where bacteria prepares to divide
Lag phase
The phase in the Bacterial growth curve where active division occurs and is the most susceptible phase of bacteria to antibiotics and disinfectants
Log phase
What does this describe?
Attached to your bacterial cell membrane which is a lipid
bilayer
It is similar to Endotoxins found in Gram- bacteria
LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
Act as surface antigens to differentiate bacterial serotypes (Highly Immunogenic)
LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
Consists of a polyglycerolphosphate (PGP) chain tethered to the bacterial cell membrane phospholipids via the glycolipid anchor
LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
Induces septic shock similar to Lipid A found in Gram- bacteria therefore stimulating the immune system
LIPOTEICHOIC ACID
This is the cell wall of what Gram Bacteria?
Single layer of peptidoglycan
Relies on the outer membrane for further protection
Has a periplasmic space (periplasm)
GRAM NEGATIVE
Contain Mycolic Acids which make gram-staining difficult
ACID FAST CELL WALL
Visualized by Acid Fast Stain
Hydrophobic, Difficult to stain with Gram stain because of
its complex structure
Has a waxy layer attached to the cell wall (Mycolic Acid
ACID FAST CELL WALL
Lipoarabinomannan and Phosphatidyl Mannosides transverse the cytoplasm
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
they transverse the cell membrane
Acid Fast Baciili are Weakly Gram-Positive as sometimes it may stain purple
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
the Mycolic acid present in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is responsible for conferring the serpentine like appearance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis under the microscope
Trehalose 6,6’-dimycolate (cord factor)
Found only in Gram- bacteria
It is located in the space between peptidoglycan and the
bacterial cell membrane
Periplasmic Space
The Periplasmic Space is the prokaryote counterpart of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Also called the Pericellular Matrix/Cell coat/K antigen
Gel-like envelope surrounding the bacterial cell
GLYCOCALYX
The Glycocalyx is often seen as a capsule
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
is an aggregate of microorganisms housed in a complex polysaccharide matrix that you can see with the naked eye. It is cohesive and adheres to surfaces like prosthetic implants
Biofilm
What structure is being described?
Highly organized matrix
Prevents Phagocytosis (Antiphagocytic)
Stains halo white
Barrier to hydrophobic compounds
It is removed by boiling to expose its surface antigens
Visualized using a negative staining technique
Capsule
Also called an unorganized capsule
The Slime Layer
Inhibits phagocytosis or aid in the adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants, because of its unorganized and fluid structure
The Slime Layer
Example of bacteria that form a Polysaccharide slime layer
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus mutans
Site of energy production
Composed of Phospholipid, Proteins
Cell Membrane
Unlike the cell membrane of other bacteria they have sterols in their composition
Mycoplasma
What structure is being described?
Folded areas of the cell membrane
Extensions of cell membrane
Site of enzymatic activity
Mesosomes
the Cell Envelope encompasses the Periplasmic Space, Glycocalyx, and the Cell Membrane
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Gel like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients,
wastes, and gases
Site of protein synthesis
Location of nucleoid, Ribosomes, Inclusion bodies,
Granules, Gene structures, and Endospores
Cytoplasm
Bacterial ribosome has a density of 70 Svedberg units
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The target for a family of antibiotics (Macrolytes like azithromycin and erythromycin) and the point of attachment of tRNA
The 50S subunit
The target for a family of antibiotics (Tetracyclines and Doxycyclines) and the point of attachment of mRNA
The 30S subunit
What structure is this?
Where DNA coil
Bacterial chromosome
Attached to the mesosome
Consist of highly coiled DNA intermixed with RNA,
polyamines, and various proteins that lend structural
support
Nucleoid
carries amino acids to form peptide chains
tRNA
dictates the sequence of amino acids in peptide chains
mRNA
are used in the prophylaxis of leptospirosis
Doxycyclines
Not found in all bacteria
Seen on some Gram+ Bacteria like
Bacillus and Clostridium
Endospores
Bacillus and Clostridium are Endospores
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
is when bacteria becomes dormant and is resistant to environmental conditions
Sporulation
are formed when bacteria encounter harsh environments (Unfavorable) or when the environment is scarce of nutritional requirement for its growth
Spores
Visualized using Schaeffer-Fulton Technique
Endospores
It is responsible for locomotion and is also called the H antigen
Flagella
What pili is this?
Not involved in locomotion
For attachment to host
Short
Common Pili/Fimbriae
What pili is this?
For conjugation (gene transfer)
Long (bridge for gene transfer)
Only present in Bacteria that express F-Factor
Sex Pili
is present in both Gram+ bacteria and Gram- bacteria?
Peptidoglycan
is present in both Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Cell Membrane
The entirety of the organism’s genes organized into chromosomes
Genome
Segment of DNA that acts as functional and physical unit of inheritance
Gene
The key difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar backbone. DNA has deoxyribose, while RNA has ribose instead
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The difference of DNA and RNA is in their nucleotide bases. DNA has Uracil, but RNA has Thymine
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
DNA has thymine, but RNA has uracil
Has a 5’ end and a 3’ end
Nucleic Acid Strand
The 3’ end possesses the exposed free phosphate group
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
5’ end possesses the exposed free phosphate group
The 3’ end is simply an oxygen molecule, which therefore does NOT possess the phosphate group
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Purines (T,U,C) pair with its corresponding pyrimidine (A,G)
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Purines (A,G) pair with its corresponding pyrimidine (T,U,C)
are nucleotide bases containing a sugar (ribose and deoxyribose)
Nucleoside
These are examples of?
Adenine + Sugar = Adenosine
Guanine + Sugar = Guanosine
Cytosine + Sugar = Cytidine
Thymine + Sugar = Thymidine
Uracil + Sugar = Uradine
Nucleosides
Deoxyribose molecules contain an extra hydroxyl group, while Ribose lost its extra hydroxyl group (loss of oxygen)
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Ribose molecules contain an extra hydroxyl group, while deoxyribose lost its extra hydroxyl group (loss of oxygen)
are a Nucleoside containing a phosphate group
Nucleotide
The number of phosphate groups vary
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
1 – Monophosphate
2 – Diphosphate
3 – Triphosphate
Single Supercoiled circular dsDNA or double stranded DNA (double helix)
Bacterial Chromosome
Contains information for cell growth and replication located in the Nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. Remove it and the bacteria will not survive
Bacterial Chromosome
What is being described?
The umbrella term for extra-chromosomal elements
Genetic elements that can move within a genome and/or
between different genomes
Mobilomes
Transposons and plasmids are examples of mobilomes
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
BACTERIA CANNOT SURVIVE WITHOUT THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
is not attached to the Bacterial Chromosome removing the plasmid will not cause the cell to die, hence it is Extrachromosomal.
Plasmid
usually encode for antimicrobial resistance genes NOT cell growth and replication
Plasmid
What is being described?
Nonchromosomal circular dsDNA
They autonomously replicate independently from the
chromosome
Plasmids
Plasmids are Episomes
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Genetic material that replicates on its own
Episomes
they are already resistant due to their abundant Porin channels, and are only strengthened by interactions with other plasmids
Pseudomonas
Plasmids are not necessary for viability
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
They are not involved in translation of necessary macromolecules
Segments of DNA and unlike full sequence plasmids these are only segments.
Transposons/Jumping genes
Can incorporate pieces of DNA segments directly into the chromosome between microorganisms even if no homology exists, though they need an enzyme to replicate
Transposons/Jumping genes
These are characteristics of?
A wider Host range is developed due to their ability to
jump between genes not even belonging to the same
family
In comparison to Plasmids, that have a tendency to filter
or choose where they jump to
Transposons/Jumping genes
Propagation of TRANSPOSONS depends on their physical integration with a bacterial replicon
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Achieved via the enzyme Transposase that integrates transposons to its target chromosome
Transposons are not Episomes as they need an enzyme to replicate and CANNOT do it by themselves
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Desrcibe this process
Simply the synthesis of a new DNA strand
For prokaryotes replication only occurs after activation or
identifying the origin of replication
Replication
ORDER THESE STEPS
B. The molecule responsible for doing this is DNA- A Protein,
which recognizes specific sequences in the Bacterial
Chromosome therefore activating them
A. The now activated origin of replication is now responsible
for recruiting helicase
C. Helicase will unwind the DNA bidirectionally and separate
the strands until the terminus to form replication forks
B,A,C
is the primary enzyme for replication
DNA Polymerase III
DNA Polymerase III can generate nucleotide sequences from an empty space
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
DNA Polymerase III CANNOT generate nucleotide sequences from an empty space
The enzyme that must generate an RNA primer that will serve as the starting point for DNA Polymerase III
Primase
RNA Primers always start at the 3’ end, because DNA Polymerase III can only catalyze reactions on free Phosphate groups of the 5’ end
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
It carries DNA Polymerase III to the free phosphate group of the 5’ end
Sliding clamp
The strand when DNA Polymerase synthesizes in a continuous manner and is not interrupted
Leading strand
The strand when DNA Polymerase attaches here instead the Okazaki fragment will interrupt the synthesis leading to recruiting another RNA Primer to be made and the process starts again
Lagging strand
Later on the replication stage of the lagging strand the RNA Primer is removed leading to another space for DNA Polymerase III to occupy, which then causes discontinuous synthesis leading to Okazaki Fragments
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
If a Leading strand is synthesized from a 3’-5’ template strand what direction will it run after being synthesized continuously by DNA Polymerase III?
To the 5’-3’ direction complementary and bidirectionally to the 3’-5’ template strand
The Lagging strand synthesized from the original 5’-3’ template strand is synthesized discontinuously by DNA Polymerase III forming Okazaki Fragments, what direction will it run?
To the 3’-5’ direction complementary and bidirectionally to the 5’-3’ template strand
Synthesis and linking of new DNA strands
ELONGATION/SYNTHESIS
consists of DNA Polymerase III, Helicase, SSB’s, and primase
Replisome
bind to single stranded DNA (ssDNA) that is generated by the helicase which causes stabilization.
Single‐stranded DNA‐binding proteins (SSB proteins)
EXCISION of RNA primers is done by what enzyme?
DNA Polymerase I
A sequence-specific binding protein that recognizes termination sequences
Tus protein
joins the ends of the DNA fragments together
DNA Ligase
RNA Primer is replaced with deoxyribonucleotide by what enzyme?
DNA Polymerase I
Synthesis of mRNA 5’-3’ direction
Transcription
Type of RNA that is the bridge that aids in gene expression
mRNA
Classify if the strand is coding or non coding
Synthesis of mRNA 5’-3’ direction
coding strand/sense strand
Classify if the strand is coding or non coding
3’-5’ Template Strand of mRNA
Non-coding Strand/Antisense Strand
Synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA
Translation
The mRNA inserts itself into the Ribosomes through what subunit?
30S Subunit
The counterpart amino acid of codons is carried by
tRNA
The 50S subunit signals for tRNA that compliments what was read by the 30S subunit via the mRNA
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Once the amino acids grow longer they will be classified as a peptide chain, and at the end of the translation process the sequence of peptides will FOLD to form a protein’s QUATERNARY Structure
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
TERTIARY
Name the process being described
Occurs when a segment of foreign DNA combines with a
homologous or identical portion of the bacterial cell’s
original chromosome
Forms a partially hybrid chromosome with segments
originating from both the donor and recipient
Recombination
Mechanism of gene transfer that is ORGANISM to ORGANISM
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Mechanism of gene transfer associated with Binary Fission
Vertical Gene Transfer
mechanism for gene transfer where DNA is released into the environment following cell lysis, where a Competent Bacteria then transforms the released DNA as its own
TRANSFORMATION
Microorganisms that take up the DNA released into the environment following cell lysis is called?
Competent Bacteria
Is Streptococcus pneumoniae Competent Bacteria?
YES
Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae Competent Bacteria?
YES
Haemophilus influenza is NOT Competent Bacteria
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
mechanism for gene transfer where non-lethal bacterial virus or bacteriophage introduces its DNA into the recipient cell
Transduction
is a bacteria infecting virus
A bacteriophage
What mechanism for gene transfer does this describe?
Plasmid-mediated and involves two living cells
A bridge is formed via the sex pili between the donor and
recipient to initiate DNA transfer
Conjugation
Alteration in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism’s genome (Genotype)
Mutation
Describe this mutation
No change in phenotype (visible change)
When the mutation is homologous
Silent Mutation
Describe this mutation
Substitution of one amino acid
Missense Mutation
Describe this mutation
A codon becomes a STOP codon
Nonsense Mutation
