Introduction To Autonomic Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the major neuroxmitter of the SNS

Answer 1

NE

Question 2

Where is Epi usually found and where is it made

Answer 2

Found in general circulation, made in adrenal medulla from AcH to nAChR on chroffamin cells

Question 3

What is the precursor to NE and Epi and where is it synthesized

Answer 3

Dopamine (DA) which is synthesized in the cytoplasm of neurons

Question 4

What is the role of choline transporter

Answer 4

Transports choline from the extracellular space into neurons for use as precursor of ACh

Question 5

What enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of ACh? And what does it combine

Answer 5

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) by cmobinging acetyl co A with choline

Question 6

What stores ACh

Answer 6

ATPase dependent ACh vesicular transporter which puts ACh into vesicles

Question 7

What protein complex is responsible for the binding of the vesicle to the presynaptic membrane

Answer 7

SNARE

Question 8

What pre-synaptic membrane interacts with the vesicle via snare to open into the synaptic cleft

Answer 8

VAMPS and SNAPS

Question 9

What destroys ACh in the synaptic cleft

Answer 9

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 10

What signaling methods do muscarinic receptors use

Answer 10

GPCRs

Question 11

Where are M2 receptors located and what do they do

Answer 11

Heart, nerves, SM

Through Gi, they inhibit AC which causes a decrease in cAMP and in activation of K channels which will slow HR and effect phase 0 of SA AP as well as faster repol. For myocytes

Question 12

Where are MS receptors located and what do they activate

Answer 12

Located in SM and the endothelium

Activate PLC, IP3, and DAG which causes an increase in Ca

Question 13

Nicotinic Receptors are what type of channels

Answer 13

Ligand gated channels

Question 14

DA is the predominant transmitter of what

Answer 14

The mammalian extrapyramidal system

Question 15

What transports DA, Ne, and Epi into the vesicle during de novo synethesis

Answer 15

VMAT - 2

Question 16

Inhibiting VMAT - 2 will do what

Answer 16

Inhibit amount of catecholamines from synthetic nerve endings

Question 17

The conversion of tyrosine to DOPA and DOPA to DA occurs where

Answer 17

In the nerve cytoplasm

Question 18

What two proteins reuptake NE and DA from the synaptic cleft

Answer 18

NET and DAT

Question 19

What do a1 receptors do

What about a2?

Answer 19

Muscle contraction (a1)

Vascular SM contraction, decreased insulin secretion, and decreases NE

Question 20

What do B1 receptors do and where are they found

Answer 20

Found in the myocardium

Increased inotropy and chronotropy and AV nodal conduction dromotropy

Question 21

What do B2 receptors do when activated and where are they found

Answer 21

Found on other smooth muscle besides the vasculature

Causes bronchial and gastrointestinal SM relaxation

Question 22

All beta receptors use what type of signaling which causes what

Answer 22

Gs which increases AC and cAMP

Question 23

DA receptors are what type of receptors

Answer 23

GPCRs

Question 24

What does D1 activate

Answer 24

Increases cAMP and causes vasodilation, and diuresis via renal smooth muscle

Question 25

In general, what does a1 and B2 do to smooth muscle

Answer 25

A1 - vasoconstriction

B2 - relaxation

Question 26

Which mAChR is found mostly in the heart

Answer 26

M2

Question 27

Is the smooth muscle of blood vessels innervated by PSNS

Answer 27

NO

Question 28

What does vascular relaxation occur from

Answer 28

ACh and mAChR activation via release of NO

Question 29

What two enzymes break down catecholamines in the synaptic cleft

Answer 29

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) 
Catechol - O - methyltransferase (COMT)

Question 30

Parasympathetic activity in the M3 receptors of the endothelium activate what

Answer 30

NO which causes vasodilation

Question 31

What happens in CHF

Answer 31

Decreased decreased baroreceptor firing which causes an increased SNS and thus an increased HR and contraction and preload and water retention which makes the problem worse