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neuro exam 3 > introduction to auditory > Flashcards

introduction to auditory Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound

A

pressure chg through a medium

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2
Q

wha tis the speed of sound in air

A

340 m/s

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3
Q

pure tone

A

sound can be dipicted as a sinusoidal wave.
- increase pressure followed by decresaes

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4
Q

amplitude

A

or “sound level” or “sound intensity”, expressed on a logarithmic scale in
decibels (dB) sound pressure level (SPL)

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5
Q

frequency

A

related to pitch; expressed in Hertz (Hz, cycles per second)
- 400 Hz = 400 cycles/s

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6
Q

phase

A

this is mostly ignored by human hearing

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7
Q

timbre

A

the harmonic content

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8
Q

physics of sound
- how can we chg the amplitude or frequency of sound

A

depending on how much vibration induced by the tuning fork we chan chg the amplitude or frequency
- more movement = more frequency of sound

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9
Q

what are the parts of the outer ear

A

pinnia
auditory canal
tympanic membrane

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10
Q

pinnia

A

localize sound
- function diminished in humans

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11
Q

auditory canal

A

filled with air

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12
Q

tympanic membrane

A

communicates with the middle ear

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13
Q

inner ear

A
  • sensory organs are located here
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14
Q

middle ear

A

contains 3 ossicles that transmit sound from outer ear to inner and amplify sound

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15
Q

ossicular chain

A
  • malleus rests on tympanic membrane and moves with the vibrations of the tympanic membrane
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16
Q

what is Impendance matching ( middle ear)
- what is the movement ratio between the stapes and the malleus

A

transmits air vibrations into fluid vibrations
-Movement ratio of 1 : 1.3 (more movement at the stapes than on the malleus)
Amount of pressure on oval window is greater than at the tympanic membrane

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17
Q

Impendance matching :
how does the tynpanic membrane compare to the oval window? what does this do

A

Tympanic membrane is larger than oval window by ca. a factor of 18.6, which
increases sound wave pressure by ~15 times

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18
Q

impendance matching

A
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19
Q

inner ear filled with fluid

A
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20
Q

how is middle ear important in dentistry

A

communicates with oral cavity bc infections in the oral cavity can be communicated to the ear

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21
Q

the cochlea ( inner ear)

A

spiral structure, made of bone
- inside there are 3 compartments

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22
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli - communicates with oval window
- scala tympani - communicates with middle ear via round window ( pressure releaser)
- cochlear partition

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23
Q

how can changes of a sound be produced in the cochlea

A
  • ## stapes appliespressure to oval window which is transmitted into the cohclea
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24
Q

The place theory for frequency encoding in the cochlea

A
  • different frequencies induce vibrations i. different locations in the cochlear partition
  • high frequency near the base
  • low frequency near the apex
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25
Q

The organ of corti

A

innervated by CN VIII

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26
Q

what is mechanotransdcution
- how does this occur

A

translating mechanincal stimulus to action potetntials
- by the inner hair cells ( contain cilia

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27
Q

what are the inner hair cells innervated by

A

CN VIII

28
Q

what happens to kinocilium

A

disapears in adults

29
Q

what keeps the stereocilia together

A

the ankle links
- tip links
lateral links

30
Q
A

play a role in transduction bc thye are anchored by a stretch receptor that can be opened or closed depending on how the mebrane is stretched
- if the tip link is stretched it opens the channel and allows ions to enter thte cilia and thus hair cell which depolarizes the cell which is a part of the mechanotransduction process

31
Q

mechanotransduction

A

image of pathway that wasnt on the power point, you took ohoto add

32
Q

how do hair cells go back to regular mebrane potential

A
  • no more K entering
  • volatage gated ca channels close
    cell becomes hyperpolarized
33
Q

endolymph vs perilymph

A
  • endo - had high K and low na channels
    peri - has low K and high Na channels
  • this allows for diffusion down a gradient
34
Q

Each auditory nerve fiber responds
to a narrow range of frequencies
- what happens to place theory

A
  • in response to realease in gltamate the afferent cells depolarize
  • each auditory fiber
35
Q
A
36
Q

what do the outer hair cells do in the cochlea

A

OHC use stretch receptors associated with the stereocilia at their tips to
sense vibrations and convert them to electrical currents.
- But only in outer hair cells are these currents used to control length changes which parallel,
and reinforce, the incoming mechanical vibration.

37
Q

what do inner hair cells do in comparison to OHCs

A

The inner hair cells send the auditory signal to the auditory nerve, but the outer hair cells
modulate the response.

38
Q

otoacoustic emmsions OAE

A
  • is used to test for hearing in babies
  • they are produced by the movembet of outer hair cells in response to sounds
39
Q

ascending auditory pathway

A
  • cochlear nuclus&raquo_space; superior olivary nucleus» inferior collliculus»medial geniculate nucleyus» auditory cortex
40
Q

cortical tonotopy

A
41
Q

Cortical representation of sound
intensities

A

different nuerons respond differently to sounds with diff amplitude

42
Q

Experience-dependent development of
tonotopic maps

A
  • tonotopic map in auditory complex is platic
  • during development it changes with experience
  • on the left the blue is low freq and red is high ( smooth destributions )
  • on the right you see more green whcih means that when young they heard sounds at this frequnecy more so there are more in adult
43
Q

what is the lowest detectable sound?
- what is the amplitude of speech
- what amplitude does the ear get damaged

A

-0 dB SPL=10-16watts/cm2
- 60 dB SPL
- 140 dB SPL

44
Q

what is the difference between the faintest and loudest humans can hear.

A

120dB, and the sensitivity is about 1dB SPL

45
Q
A

Humans can detect 0dB SPL sounds at 3kHz, but require 40dBSPL
sounds at 100Hz

46
Q

what happens with mild , moderate , and severe hearing loss

A
47
Q

what is presbycusis

A

hearing loss as you age

48
Q

which sounds do you lose first

A

high fequency

49
Q

what is the range of frequency we can detect

A

Range between 20 Hz to 20kHz, on average

50
Q

what sound frequency are we most sesnistive to? why

A

Far more sensitive to sounds between 1 - 4kHz
- we use this for speech

51
Q

what sounds can humans discriminate

A

Humans can discriminate two sounds that differ by 0.3% at 3kHz,
but require at least 3% difference at 100Hz

52
Q

what is the auditory brain stem response

A
  • measuring resposes above the brainstem
53
Q

human hearing: location and direction:
what os the angular ( direction) discrimination in humans

A

angular (direction) discrimination: humans can discriminate two sound
sources that are located as little as 3 degrees apart

54
Q

how does binaural hearing work

A
  • acts in 2 ways
  • For sounds above 1kHz, the head strongly shadows the sound,
    making it weaker for the distal ear - - For sounds below 1kHz, human hearing relies on time and level
    differences between the arrival to the proximal vs distal ear
55
Q

head shadow

A
56
Q

duplex theory of sound localization

A

Interaural Time Differences
(ITDs) dominate sound
localization at low
frequencies
Interaural Level Differences
(ILDs) dominate sound
localization at high
frequencie

57
Q

how do we know when a sound is infront

A
  • same response in both ears
58
Q

how do we know if sound is 90 degrees away

A
  • here sound more in the right ear
59
Q

interaural level differences

A
60
Q

sound localization in rooms

A

In a everyday rooms, the sound energy reaching the ears consist of
* sound travelling on a direct path from the source, and
* reverberant energy (sound reflected off surfaces).
We are normally not aware of reverberation, although it does
influence subjective sound quality.

61
Q

echo suppresion
- what are the time reigons

A

1) Summing localization (< 1 ms delay): two events fused: perceived
location is a weighted sum of the two.
2) Precedence effect (ca. 1-5 ms delay): Only one sound perceived:
direction of first sound dominant.
3) Echo threshold (> 5 ms delay): Two sounds heard. ( echo)

62
Q

what are the 2 types of deafness

A
  • conduction - something in periophery is affectd like the ear drum or tympanic membreane
  • sensorineural deafeness
63
Q

what is incleuded in conduction deafness

A
  • punctured ear drum
  • otitis media
  • otosclerosis
64
Q

what is incleded in sensorineural deafness

A
  • rebulla
  • degenreation of inner hair cells
  • professional deafness ( exposure to loud sounds)
  • prebycusis
65
Q

rinnies test

A
  • bone condution: put vibration on skull to rely on bone transimition to cochlea - if they dont hear then its conduction hearing loss
  • air conduction: put vibration fork next to ear in the air - dont hear = sensory hearinf loss
66
Q
A

neuro exam 3 (10 decks)

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