Introduction To Appendicular Anatomy

Question 1

What 2 subgroups is the skeleton divided into?

Answer 1

Appendicular skeleton (bones of the upper and lower limbs)
Axil skeleton (bones of the cranium, vertebrae, ribs and sternum)

Question 2

What is the anatomical position

Answer 2

Standard reference position used to describe location of structures

Question 3

Describe what the anatomical position looks like

Answer 3

Standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and facing forward
Mouth closed & facial expressions neutral
Palms of hands facing forwards with straight fingers together with pads of the thumbs turned 90 degrees from the pads of the fingers
Toes facing forwards

Question 4

What does anterior mean

Answer 4

In front of

Question 5

What does anterior mean

Answer 5

In front of

Question 6

What does posterior mean

Answer 6

Towards the back

Question 7

What does medial mean

Answer 7

Towards the midline

Question 8

What does lateral mean

Answer 8

Away from the midline

Question 9

What does superior mean

Answer 9

Towards the head or above

Question 10

What does inferior mean

Answer 10

Towards the feet or below

Question 11

What does cephalad mean

Answer 11

Towards the head

Question 12

What does caudal mean

Answer 12

Towards the feet

Question 13

What does proximal mean

Answer 13

Nearer to the midline

Question 14

What does distal mean

Answer 14

Further away from the midline

Question 15

Name the 3 anatomical planes

Answer 15

Coronal planes
Sagittal planes
Horizontal/transverse planes

Question 16

What is the coronal plane

Answer 16

Positioned vertically (across) & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Question 17

What is the Sagittal planes

Answer 17

Positioned vertically (across) and right angles to the coronal planes.
Passed through the centre of the body dividing it into equal right and left parts (called the medial sagittal plane)

Question 18

What is the transverse planes

Answer 18

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Question 19

What are planes of movement

Answer 19

Imaginary surface over which the mobile segment passes

Question 20

What are axis of movement

Answer 20

Imaginary line on the surface around which the movement occurs
Axis and planes are ALWAYS right angles to each other

Question 21

Name the 3 axes and planes parings

Answer 21

Sagittal plane & transverse axis
Transverse plane & sagittal axis
Transverse plane & vertical axis

Question 22

What terms of movement are used for sagittal plane and frontal axis

Answer 22

Flexion & extension

Question 23

What terms of movement are used for frontal plane & sagittal axis

Answer 23

Abduction (away from the body) & adduction (towards the body)

Question 24

Terms of movement for transverse plane and vertical axis

Answer 24

Medial rotation (turning towards the body) & lateral rotation (turning away from the body)

Question 25

Name the 4 specific terms of movement for the foot & ankle

Answer 25

Dorsiflextion (flex foot up)
Plantarflextion (point food)
Inversion (turned in foot)
Eversión (turned out foot)

Question 26

Name the 5 specific terms of movement of the forearm, wrist and hand

Answer 26

Pronation (turn hand over)
Supination (turn hand back to normal)
Ulna deviation (turn hand towards the ulna)
Radial deviation (turn hand towards the radius)
Opposition (thumb)

Question 27

Name the 4 specific terms of movement for the shoulders

Answer 27

Protraction ( shoulders forwards)
Retraction (pull shoulders back)
Elevation (lift shoulders to ears)
Depression (lower shoulders)

Question 28

Name the 5 key functions of the bones

Answer 28

1. Supportive structures
2. Protect vital organs
3. Reservoir of calcium & phosphorus
4. Levers that muscles act to produce movement
5. Containers for blood producing cells

Question 29

What are the different classification of bones

Answer 29

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

Question 30

What is the function of a long bone

Answer 30

Hard and dense to provide structure, strength and mobility to upper and lower limbs

Question 31

What is the function of short bones

Answer 31

They’re as wide as the are long and provide support and stability with little to no movement

Question 32

What is the function of a flat bone

Answer 32

Provided extensive protection or provides a broad surface for muscular attachment

Question 33

What is the function of irregular bones

Answer 33

Protect nervous tissue
Providing multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle to attach to
Maintaining pharynx and trachea support and tongue attachment

Question 34

What is the function of sesamoid bones

Answer 34

Embedded within a tendon or muscle and acts like a pulley to prove a smooth surface for tendons to slide over increasing tendons ability to transmit muscular forces