Introduction To Appendicular Anatomy Flashcards
What 2 subgroups is the skeleton divided into?
Appendicular skeleton (bones of the upper and lower limbs)
Axil skeleton (bones of the cranium, vertebrae, ribs and sternum)
What is the anatomical position
Standard reference position used to describe location of structures
Describe what the anatomical position looks like
Standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and facing forward
Mouth closed & facial expressions neutral
Palms of hands facing forwards with straight fingers together with pads of the thumbs turned 90 degrees from the pads of the fingers
Toes facing forwards
What does anterior mean
In front of
What does anterior mean
In front of
What does posterior mean
Towards the back
What does medial mean
Towards the midline
What does lateral mean
Away from the midline
What does superior mean
Towards the head or above
What does inferior mean
Towards the feet or below
What does cephalad mean
Towards the head
What does caudal mean
Towards the feet
What does proximal mean
Nearer to the midline
What does distal mean
Further away from the midline
Name the 3 anatomical planes
Coronal planes
Sagittal planes
Horizontal/transverse planes
What is the coronal plane
Positioned vertically (across) & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
What is the Sagittal planes
Positioned vertically (across) and right angles to the coronal planes.
Passed through the centre of the body dividing it into equal right and left parts (called the medial sagittal plane)
What is the transverse planes
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
What are planes of movement
Imaginary surface over which the mobile segment passes
What are axis of movement
Imaginary line on the surface around which the movement occurs
Axis and planes are ALWAYS right angles to each other
Name the 3 axes and planes parings
Sagittal plane & transverse axis
Transverse plane & sagittal axis
Transverse plane & vertical axis
What terms of movement are used for sagittal plane and frontal axis
Flexion & extension
What terms of movement are used for frontal plane & sagittal axis
Abduction (away from the body) & adduction (towards the body)
Terms of movement for transverse plane and vertical axis
Medial rotation (turning towards the body) & lateral rotation (turning away from the body)
Name the 4 specific terms of movement for the foot & ankle
Dorsiflextion (flex foot up)
Plantarflextion (point food)
Inversion (turned in foot)
Eversión (turned out foot)
Name the 5 specific terms of movement of the forearm, wrist and hand
Pronation (turn hand over)
Supination (turn hand back to normal)
Ulna deviation (turn hand towards the ulna)
Radial deviation (turn hand towards the radius)
Opposition (thumb)
Name the 4 specific terms of movement for the shoulders
Protraction ( shoulders forwards)
Retraction (pull shoulders back)
Elevation (lift shoulders to ears)
Depression (lower shoulders)
Name the 5 key functions of the bones
- Supportive structures
- Protect vital organs
- Reservoir of calcium & phosphorus
- Levers that muscles act to produce movement
- Containers for blood producing cells
What are the different classification of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
What is the function of a long bone
Hard and dense to provide structure, strength and mobility to upper and lower limbs
What is the function of short bones
They’re as wide as the are long and provide support and stability with little to no movement
What is the function of a flat bone
Provided extensive protection or provides a broad surface for muscular attachment
What is the function of irregular bones
Protect nervous tissue
Providing multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle to attach to
Maintaining pharynx and trachea support and tongue attachment
What is the function of sesamoid bones
Embedded within a tendon or muscle and acts like a pulley to prove a smooth surface for tendons to slide over increasing tendons ability to transmit muscular forces
