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Pharm I: Exam 3 > Introduction to Antibiotics > Flashcards

Introduction to Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What antibiotic agents inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A
  • ß-lactams
  • Vancomycin
  • Daptomycin
  • Bacitracin
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2
Q

What antibiotic agents act directly on the cell membrane of the microorganism (affect permeability → leads to leakage of intracellular compounds)?

A

Detergents (polymyxin)

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3
Q

What antibiotic agents interfere with protein synthesis via interaction with bacterial ribosomes?

A
  • Chloaporphenicol
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
  • Clindamycin
  • Streptogramins
  • Ketolides
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4
Q

What antibiotic agents interfere with protein synthesis via blocking initiation?

A

Oxazolidinones (linezolid)

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5
Q

What antibiotic agents interfere with protein synthesis via inhibition of tRNA synthesis?

A

Mupirocin

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6
Q

What antibiotic agents interfere with protein synthesis via multiple mechanisms leading to disruption of RNA processing?

A

Aminoglycosides

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7
Q

What antibiotic agents inhibit DNA processing via inhibition of DNA topoisomerases?

A

Quinolones

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8
Q

What antibiotic agents inhibit DNA processing via inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase? (distinguish between direct and indirect)

A
  • Directly
    • Rifapin
  • Indirectly
    • Nitrofurantoin
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9
Q

What antibiotic agents block bacterial folic acid pathway?

A

ANTIMETABOLITES

  • Trimethoprim
  • Sulfonamide
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10
Q

What two (2) therapies are antibiotics used?

A
  • Empirical therapy (broad spectrum)
  • Definitive therapy (choosing most selectively active for the organism with least potential for toxicity)
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11
Q

What should be considered when selecting an antimicrobial agent?

A
  1. Decide if an antibiotic is truly necessary
  2. Evaluate before administration of an antibiotic (diagnosis may be masked without appropriate culture)
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12
Q

What is a Host Factor?

A

Low immune response that may result from a therapeutic failure despite appropriate and effective therapy

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13
Q

How can you distinguish between different host defenses? (Think: types of immunity)

A
  • Humoral immunity
    • Inadequacy in immunoglobulins
  • Cellular immunity
    • Inadequacy in phagocytic cells
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14
Q

What are other components (not including host defenses) that should be considered as host factors?

A
  • Age (i.e. renal/hepatic metabolism can affect elderly and infants)
  • Genetic factors (i.e. patients with G6PD may experience acute hemolysis with certain drugs)
  • Pregnancy
  • Drug Allergy
  • Neuropathy (i.e. seizures, myasthenia gravis)
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15
Q

What pharmacokinetic factors should be considered when selecting antibiotic agents?

A
  • Infection of the CSF (drug must cross BBB)
  • Penetration of drug to local area (many antibiotics are highly protein bound)
  • Knowledge of kidney and liver status
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16
Q

How can you differentiate between Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A
  • Bactericidal
    • Directly kills bacteria
    • Inhibits cell wall synthesis
    • Disrupts cell membrane
    • Aminoglycosides
    • Inhibits DNA gyrase
  • Bacteriostatic
    • Arrest growth/replication of bacteria →immune system eliminates the pathogen
    • Inhibits protein synthesis (Non-aminoglycoside)
    • Antifolate drugs

NOTE: Antibiotics do not fall neatly into these categories

17
Q

What is defining of resistance (microorganism to antimicrobial agents)? How does it occur?

A

Concentration of drug required to inhibit/kill microorganism greater than concentration that can be safely achieved

  • Drug fails to reach target (DEC intracellular concentration)
  • Drug is inactivated
  • Target is altered (change in binding site)
  • Adaptations bypass need for binding site

(More detail in slide)

18
Q

What is innate resistance?

A

Long-standing characteristic of a particular species of bacteria

19
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A
  • Mutations (random events of change) that confer selective advantage to the bacterium
  • Transfer of plasmids (transduction, transformation, conjugation)
20
Q

What is Transduction?

A

Intervention of a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria may contain drug-resistant DNA that could be inserted and passed down to progeny)

21
Q

What is Transformation?

A

Incorporates DNA from environment (i.e. virus) into bacteria

22
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Passage of genes from cell to cell by direct contact through a bridge (occurs primarily in Gram-negative bacilli)

Pharm I: Exam 3 (10 decks)

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