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Introduction to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A 
• AUTONOMOUS
• NOT UNDER	DIRECT	CONSCIOUS	
CONTROL
• VISCERAL FUNCTIONS
• CARDIAC OUTPUT, BLOOD FLOW TO VARIOUS ORGANS, AND DIGESTION
• Common	with	endocrine	system
• Extensive	use	of	negative	feedback
• Chemicals	for	neurotransmission	
between	nerve	cells	and	effector	
cells
• From	nerve	terminals	to	synaptic	
cleft	thru	diffusion	and	
postsynaptic	cell	through	
receptors
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2
Q 
. Characteristics of Autonomic
Nervous System, except
A.Direct control
B.Autonomous
C.Necessary for life
D.Can influence cancer
development and progression
A

Direct Control

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3
Q

TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS

A 
SYMPATHETIC: THORACOLUMBAR	
PARASYMPATHETIC: CRANIOSACRAL
• BOTH	ORIGINATE	IN	NUCLEI	WITHIN	
THE	CENTRALNERVOUS	SYSTEM
• Preganglionic	efferent	fibers	that	exit	from	
the	brain	or	spinal	cord,	terminate	in	
motor	ganglia
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4
Q 
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
leave CNS through thoracic and
sacral spinal nerves
A.True
B.Maybe
C.False
D.I need to go back to First Year
A

False- Thoracolumbar

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5
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS LEAVES CNS THROUGH

A

CN 7,7,9,10, S3 and S4

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6
Q 
Parasympathetic preganglionic
fibers are short and located in the
prevertebral ganglia
A.True
B.Maybe
C.False
D.I need to go back to First Year
A

True

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7
Q

Preganglionic fibers (short)

A

terminate in ganglia located in

paravertebral chains

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8
Q 
preganglionic	fibers	
(long)
A

prevertebral ganglia

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9
Q

Postganglionic fibers

A

from the ganglia run to tissues innervated

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10
Q

Some Preganglionic fibers: terminate in
parasympathetic ganglia located outside the
organ innervated

A
  • CILIARY
  • PTERYGOPALATINE
  • SUBMANDIBULAR
  • OTIC
  • SEVERAL PELVIC GANGLIA
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11
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A 
• Located	in	the	walls	of	the	GIT
• Includes:		 Myenteric	plexus	(Auerbach)				
																																									Submucous	plexus	(Meissner)
• Receives:	
• preganglionic	fibers	
(parasympathetic)
• Postganglionic	fibers	(sympathetic)
• Sensory	input	from	gut	walls
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12
Q

Ratio of Preganglionic to post ganglionic

A

Sympa: 1:20
para: 1:1 to 1:3

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13
Q

ACTIVITY of SYmpa and Para

A

Symp: Dischrge of system
para: Discrete organs

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14
Q

Neuro Eff Junctions PSNS and SNS

A

SNS- diffuse branching
PSNS- Concentrated in one region
Som NS- Discrete, organised, Ach Recep located on the motor end plate

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter and receptor type in Ganglion

A

SNS- ACh/nicotonic recep

PSNS- ACh/nicotinic

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16
Q

Neurotransmitter in Eff. organs

A

SNS: Norepi

PSNS and Som: ACh

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17
Q

Receptor types in eff, organs

A

a1, a2, b1, b2- SNS
PSNS- M
Som: Nic

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18
Q

Mammalian neuromuscular junctions

A

relatively “tight” and closely innervated to

facilitate rapid and very short effects

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19
Q

Autonomic junctions terminal and effector cells

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

are released from a chain of varicosities in the
postganglionic fibers in the region of the
smooth muscle; wider than somatic clefts.
Hence, effect is slower and may inhibit or
activate many effector cells

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20
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE

A

CHOLINERGIC

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21
Q

NOREPINEPHRINE

A

ADRENERGIC

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22
Q

Steps Involved in

Neurotransmission

A

Synthesis

Storage

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23
Q

Synthesis

A

Cholinergic transmission: Acetyl CoA
(mitochondria) and choline (ECF by CHT)
Enzyme: CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (ChaT)

Adrenergic transmission: Tyrosine is transported into noradrenergic ending Sodium dependent
carrier

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24
Q

Storage

A

Cholinergic: Transported into the
vesicle Vesicle Associated
Transporter (VAT) Vesicles V-SNARE and T-snare

Adrenergic: Tyrosine is converted to dopamine Transported into the vesicle VMAT (vesicular monoamine
transporter) Conversion of tyrosine to dopamine

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25
Synthesis Blocked by
Cholinergic: hemicholinium Adrenergic: Met tyrosine
26
Storage blocked by
Choli: Vesamiciol Adre: Reserpine
27
Release of neurotransmitter
Choli: Calcium interacts with VAMP, Exocytotic expulsion Adre: Dopamine converted to Norepi Dopamine- b-hydroxylase Dopamine is released by diffusion
28
Termination of | activity
Choliner: Acetychylcholine esterase Splits acetylcholine into acetate and choline ``` Adre: NET : norepinephrine transporter Carry transmitter back to the vesicle DAT/SERT: reuptake of serotonin and dopamine Termination of activity Simple diffusion Reuptake by NET ```
29
Release
Choli: Blocked by Botulinum toxin Tetanus toxin (CNS) Adre: Tyramine, Amphetamines and Ephedrine (agonist) Bretylium and Guanethedine
30
Termination of | activity
Choli: Blocked by Cholinesterase Inhibitors like Neostigmine ``` Adre: Inhibit reuptake by Cocaine and certain antidepressant drugs Tranylcypromine, phenelzine, rasagiline, selegiline (MAO inhibitor) Increase MAO in the CNS ```
31
Storage and release of transmitter
- Modulation of Transmitter release
32
Interaction of the transmitter with postjunctional receptors and production of the postjunctional potential
Transmitter diffused across the synaptic or junctional cleft and combines with specialized receptors (superfamily of ionotrophic receptors) on the postjunctional membrane, often resulting in a localized increase in ionic permeability or conductance of the membrane. 5HT3 Purine receptors, GABA acid and Glycine receptors are examples
33
Presynaptic Receptors
Hetero and Auto
34
Heteroreceptors
Respond to neurotransmitters, neuromodulators or neurohormones released from adjacent neurons or cells ``` •NE can influence the release of Ach from parasympathetic neurons by acting on A2, A2b, and A2c receptors •Ach can influence the release of NE from sympathetic neurons by acting on M2 and Me receptors ```
35
Autoreceptors
``` Located on or close to axon terminals of a neuron through which the neuron’s own transmitter can modify the transmitter synthesis and release Examples: •NE released from sympathetic neurons may interact with A2a and A2c receptors to inhibit neurally released NE •Ach released from parasympathetic neurons may interact with M2 and M4 receptors to inhibit neurally released Ach ```
36
Initiation of postjunctional activity
if an EPSP exceeds a certain threshold value, it imitates a propagated action potential in a postsynaptic neuron or a muscle action potential in skeletal or cardiac muscle by activating voltage sensitive channels in the immediate vicinity
37
Nonelectrogenic functions
trophic actions/ factors of neurotransmitter either synthesis or inactivation of transmitter, receptors, and synaptic characteristics
38
Acetylcholine
``` Primary transmitter at ANS ganglia, at somatic neuromuscular junction, At parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings Excitatory transmitter to smooth muscle and secretory cells (ENS) Major neuron to neuron transmitter (ENS) ```
39
Norepinephrine
Primary transmitter at most sympathetic | post ganglionic nerve endings
40
Adenosine | triphosphate
Transmitter or co-transmitter at many | ANS effector synapse
41
Calcitonin gene | related peptide
In Substance P in cardiovascular sensory nerve fibers, secretomotor ENS, a cardiac stimulant
42
Cholecystokinin
Cotransmitter in some excitatory | neuromuscular ENS
43
Dopamine
Modulatory transmitter in some ganglia(ENS), a postganglionic sympathetic transmitter in renal blood cells
44
Enkephalin
Secretomotor and interneurons (ENS) Inhibit acetylcholine release and inhibit peristalsis, stimulate secretion
45
Galanin
Secretomotor neurons, apetite | satiety mechanism
46
GABA
Presynaptic effect on excitatory ENS nerve terminals, relaxant effect on the gut, not a major transmitter
47
Nitric oxide
Cotransmitter at inhibitory ENSneuromuscular junction, important in sphincters
48
Gastrin releasing peptide
Potent excitatory transmitter to | gastrin cells. Mammalian bombesin
49
Neuropeptide Y
``` In noradrenergic neuron, some secretomotor neurons (ENS) Inhibit secretion of water and electrolytes in the gut Long lasting vasoconstriction Cotransmitter(parasympathetic) ```
50
Serotonin
Important transmitter or cotransmitter at excitatory neuron to neuron junctions (ENS)
51
Substance P
Impt. Sensory neuron transmitter in the ENS, excitatory cotransmitter with ACH, vasodilator
52
Two main families of acetylcholine | receptors
Muscarnic (G protein) Nicotinic- (Ligand gated) both Presynap and post synap
53
Location of Neuron cell bodies
SPre GN :Intermediolateral cell in Spinal cord (T1-L3) SPostGN: Prevertebral and paravertebral ParaPreGN: Brainstem and scaral ParaPostGN: Terminal ganglia in or near target organ
54
Myelination
SPreGn and ParaPreGn: yes SpostGN, ParaPostGN: No
55
Primary neurotrans
SpreGn, ParaSympPGN and PAraPostGN: ACh | SpostGN: Norepi
56
Primary post synaptic Receptor
SpreGn and ParaPre: Nicotinic SPost- Adrenergic Parapost: Muscarnic
57
Muscarinic receptors
Bind both acetylcholine and muscarine ``` Cholinergic transmission (acetylcholinemediated) activates muscarinic receptors autonomic ganglia, organs innervated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and in the central nervous system ```
58
All muscarinic receptors are Gprotein coupled receptors five subclasses of muscarinic receptors
M1 (CNS), M2 (Heart), M3 (Smooth muscle), M4 (CNS), M5(CNS) M1,3,5- Excitatory M2,4- Inhibitory
59
Nicotinic receptors
Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels When bound to acetylcholine receptors undergo a conformational change allows the entry of sodium ions result in the depolarization of the effector cell.
60
N1 or NM receptors
acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
61
•NM subtype
are the only acetylcholine receptors that can be found at the neuromuscular junction.
62
N2 or NN receptors
``` transmission of cholinergic signals in the autonomic nervous systems Nicotinic receptors ```
63
NN subtype
``` can be found both at cholinergic and adrenergic ganglia, but not at the target tissues (e.g, heart, bladder, etc) •Receptors are also present in the CNS and adrenal medulla. ```
64
M1 Post receptor Mechanism
IP3. DAG cascade
65
M2 Post receptor Mechanism
inhibition of adenyl cyclase
66
M3 Post receptor Mechanism
IP3, DAG cascae
67
M4 Post receptor Mechanism
inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase
68
M5 Post receptor Mechanism | `
IP3, DAG cas, IC Ca+2
69
Nm and Nn Post receptor Mechanism
Na/K depol
70
M1
CNS neuron, sympathetic postganglionic, | some presynaptic
71
M2
Myocardium, smooth muscle, presymaptic | site, CNS neurons
72
M3
Exocrine gland, vessels, CNSneuron
73
M4`
CNS neuron, vagal nerve endings
74
M5
Vascular endothelium, cerebral vessels, | CNS neurons
75
Nm
Postganglionic neurons, presynatic | cholinergic
76
Nn
Skeletal muscle neuromuscular endplates
77
Adrenergic (noradrenergic) | receptors
Are class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers, beta-2 (β2) agonists and alpha-2 (α2) agonists, which are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma, for example.
78
EPI > NE >> Isoprotenerol
Alpha receptors
79
Isoprotenerol > EPI > NE
Beta Receptors
80
Alpha 1 Post receptor Mechanism
IP3 and DAG.\Ca+2
81
Alpha 2 Post receptor Mechanism
Inhibit adenylyl cyclase, Decreased cAMP
82
Beta 1, B2, B3
Stim. Adenylyl cyclase, inc. cAMP
83
Alpha 1
Postsynaptic effector cells, smooth | muscle
84
Alpha 2
Presynaptic adrenergic, platelets, | lipocytes, smooth muscle
85
Beta 1
``` Postsynaptic effector cells, heart, lipocytes, brain, presynaptic adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals, JG apparatus, ciliary body epithelium ```
86
Beta 2
Postsynaptic effector cells, smooth | muscle and cardiac muscle
87
Beta 3
Postsynaptic effector cells, especially | lipocytes, heart
88
D1
Stim. Adenylyl cyclase, inc. cAMP Brain, effector tissue, smooth muscle of renal vascular bed
89
D2
``` Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, activation of K channels Brain, effector tissue, smooth muscle; presynaptic nerve terminal ```
90
D3
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase | Brain
91
D4
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase | Brain, cardiovascular system
92
: iris(radial M) SNS | iris(circular M)
Contracts, Alpha 1
93
Ciliary muscle SNS
Relaxes, Beta 1
94
SA node SNS
Accelerates, B1,2
95
Ectopic pacemaker SNS
Accelerates B1,2
96
Contractility SNS
Increases,, B1,2
97
Bronchiolar smooth SNS | muscle
Relaxes beta2
98
Smooth muscle | wall SNS
Relaxes Alpha2, beta2
99
Sphincter SNS
Contracts | Alpha 1
100
Bladder wall | SNS
Relaxes
101
Sphincter SNS
Contracts Alpha 1
102
Uterus, pregnant SNS
Relaxes Beta 2 | Contracts Alpha
103
Penis, seminal vescicle SNS
Ejaculation, Alpha
104
pilomotor smooth | muscle SNS
Contracts, Alpha
105
Sweat glands, thermoregulatory apocrine (stress) SNS
Increases, m | Increases alpha
106
Liver SNS
Gluconeogenesis Beta2, alpha | Glycogenolysis, Beta2,alpha
107
Fat cells SNS
Lipolysis B3
108
kidney SNS
Renin release, B1
109
iris(radial M) | iris(circular M) PNS
Contracts, M3
110
Ciliary muscle
Contracts, M3
111
SA node
Deccelerates, M2
112
Ectopic pacemaker | Contractility
Decreases, M2
113
Skeletal muscle vessel | endothelium
Releases EDRF, M3, M5
114
Bronchiolar smooth | muscle
Contracts M3
115
Smooth muscle | wall
Contracts, M3
116
sphincters
Relaxes M3
117
Secretion of git
Increases M3
118
Bladder wall
Contracts M3
119
Sphincter
Relax, M3
120
uterus Preg
Contract, M3
121
penis, Sem V
Erection, M
122
No effects
Skin, and metabolism
123
EYE Iris radial muscle Iris Circular muscle Ciliary muscle
Mydriasis (A1) No effect Relaxes (Beta) No effect Miosis (M3) Contraction (M3)
124
SA node | Contractility
Tachycardia (B1>B2) Increase (B1>B2) Bradycardia (M2) Decrease (Atria) (M2)
125
Skin, Splanchnic Skeletal M vessels Endothelium vessels of Heart, Brain & Viscera
``` Constrict (A1>A2) Dilation (B2, less M3) No effect No effect Synthesize and release EDRF (M3,M5) ```
126
Bronchial Smooth
Dilation (B2) | Constrict (M3)
127
Smooth muscle walls
Relax (A2, B2) | Contract (M3)
128
Smooth muscle | sphincters
Contract (A1) | Relax (M3)
129
Secretion
Increase (M3) | (para)
130
Bladder wall (detrusor)
Relax (B2), Contract (M3)
131
Trigone and bladder | sphincter
Contract (A1) | Relax (M3)
132
Uterus, pregnant
Relax (B2) Contract (M3) no | sensitive
133
Penis, Seminal Vesicle
Ejaculation (A) Erection (M)
134
Sweat, Salivary, Lacrimal, Nasopharyngeal
Para M, increase, no Symp
135
Pilomotor smooth | muscle
Contracts (A), no PAra
136
Eccrine sweat glands
Increase (M) Its sympathetic but Ach Mediated no Para
137
Apocrine (stress sweat | glands)
Increase (A) | No para
138
Liver, no para
Gluconeogenesis (B2, A) | Glycogenolysis (B2, A)
139
Fat cells no Para
B3, lipolysys
140
Kidney
Renin release (B1); No effect
141
Autonomic Drugs
Sympathetic, Sympathomimetic, sympatholytic
142
parsympa Drugs
Parasympathomimetic | Parasympatholytic
143
Muscarnic Agents
Musc ACh receptor, inc. parasympa, ACh, Pilocarpine, Glaucoma (open Aq humor) Bethanechol- Difficulty urinating
144
ACh Inhibitors
No recpetor, Indirect efffect on ACh receptors, Prolong Neostigime: Myasthenia Gravis Sarin- Chemical warfare
145
Sympathomimetics
Adregenric receptors, Increase sympa activity, Albuterol, Asthma Phenylephrine- Cold
146
Sympatholytic
Adregenic receptors, Dec. Sympa activity, propanolol, hypertension cure
147
Primary controlled variable in CV
* Mean arterial pressure * Drug induced leads to increased PVR * Homeostatic secondary response
148
Drug effect: Norepinephrine
* Slow infusion on the heart: direct effect * vasoconstriction * Increase peripheral vascular resistance * Increase mean arterial pressure
149
Intact reflexes
``` negative feedback baroreceptor response •Increased mean arterial pressure •Decrease sympathetic outflow •Increase parasympathetic effect ```
150
Bradycardia
reflex | compensatory response
151
•PARASYMPATHETIC:
TROPHOTROPIC •Rest and digest •Example: slowing of the heart, stimulation of digestive activity
152
SYMPATHETIC:
ERGOTROPIC •Fight or flight •Example: cardiac stimulation, increased blood sugar, cutaneous vasoconstriction
153
``` Dilation of the radial muscle of the iris with alpha adrenoceptor agents leads to decrease in intraocular pressure in patients with angle-closure glaucoma ```
True
154
``` Nerve terminals carrying regulatory receptors that maybe activated by substances released from other nerve terminals A.Autoreceptors B.Heteroreceptors C.V-AMP receptors D.ABC Transporters ```
ABC
155
``` Effect of receptor regulation that occurs in denervation supersensitivity A.Up-regulation B.Down-regulation C.Modulation by other simultaneous events D.None of the answers ```
up reg
156
Type of receptor that activates the first IPSP in autonomic ganglion cell
Nicotinic

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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