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Pharmacology > Introduction to ANS > Flashcards

Introduction to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A 
• AUTONOMOUS
• NOT UNDER	DIRECT	CONSCIOUS	
CONTROL
• VISCERAL FUNCTIONS
• CARDIAC OUTPUT, BLOOD FLOW TO VARIOUS ORGANS, AND DIGESTION
• Common	with	endocrine	system
• Extensive	use	of	negative	feedback
• Chemicals	for	neurotransmission	
between	nerve	cells	and	effector	
cells
• From	nerve	terminals	to	synaptic	
cleft	thru	diffusion	and	
postsynaptic	cell	through	
receptors
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2
Q 
. Characteristics of Autonomic
Nervous System, except
A.Direct control
B.Autonomous
C.Necessary for life
D.Can influence cancer
development and progression
A

Direct Control

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3
Q

TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS

A 
SYMPATHETIC: THORACOLUMBAR	
PARASYMPATHETIC: CRANIOSACRAL
• BOTH	ORIGINATE	IN	NUCLEI	WITHIN	
THE	CENTRALNERVOUS	SYSTEM
• Preganglionic	efferent	fibers	that	exit	from	
the	brain	or	spinal	cord,	terminate	in	
motor	ganglia
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4
Q 
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers
leave CNS through thoracic and
sacral spinal nerves
A.True
B.Maybe
C.False
D.I need to go back to First Year
A

False- Thoracolumbar

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5
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS LEAVES CNS THROUGH

A

CN 7,7,9,10, S3 and S4

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6
Q 
Parasympathetic preganglionic
fibers are short and located in the
prevertebral ganglia
A.True
B.Maybe
C.False
D.I need to go back to First Year
A

True

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7
Q

Preganglionic fibers (short)

A

terminate in ganglia located in

paravertebral chains

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8
Q 
preganglionic	fibers	
(long)
A

prevertebral ganglia

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9
Q

Postganglionic fibers

A

from the ganglia run to tissues innervated

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10
Q

Some Preganglionic fibers: terminate in
parasympathetic ganglia located outside the
organ innervated

A
  • CILIARY
  • PTERYGOPALATINE
  • SUBMANDIBULAR
  • OTIC
  • SEVERAL PELVIC GANGLIA
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11
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A 
• Located	in	the	walls	of	the	GIT
• Includes:		 Myenteric	plexus	(Auerbach)				
																																									Submucous	plexus	(Meissner)
• Receives:	
• preganglionic	fibers	
(parasympathetic)
• Postganglionic	fibers	(sympathetic)
• Sensory	input	from	gut	walls
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12
Q

Ratio of Preganglionic to post ganglionic

A

Sympa: 1:20
para: 1:1 to 1:3

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13
Q

ACTIVITY of SYmpa and Para

A

Symp: Dischrge of system
para: Discrete organs

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14
Q

Neuro Eff Junctions PSNS and SNS

A

SNS- diffuse branching
PSNS- Concentrated in one region
Som NS- Discrete, organised, Ach Recep located on the motor end plate

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter and receptor type in Ganglion

A

SNS- ACh/nicotonic recep

PSNS- ACh/nicotinic

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16
Q

Neurotransmitter in Eff. organs

A

SNS: Norepi

PSNS and Som: ACh

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17
Q

Receptor types in eff, organs

A

a1, a2, b1, b2- SNS
PSNS- M
Som: Nic

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18
Q

Mammalian neuromuscular junctions

A

relatively “tight” and closely innervated to

facilitate rapid and very short effects

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19
Q

Autonomic junctions terminal and effector cells

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

are released from a chain of varicosities in the
postganglionic fibers in the region of the
smooth muscle; wider than somatic clefts.
Hence, effect is slower and may inhibit or
activate many effector cells

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20
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE

A

CHOLINERGIC

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21
Q

NOREPINEPHRINE

A

ADRENERGIC

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22
Q

Steps Involved in

Neurotransmission

A

Synthesis

Storage

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23
Q

Synthesis

A

Cholinergic transmission: Acetyl CoA
(mitochondria) and choline (ECF by CHT)
Enzyme: CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (ChaT)

Adrenergic transmission: Tyrosine is transported into noradrenergic ending Sodium dependent
carrier

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24
Q

Storage

A

Cholinergic: Transported into the
vesicle Vesicle Associated
Transporter (VAT) Vesicles V-SNARE and T-snare

Adrenergic: Tyrosine is converted to dopamine Transported into the vesicle VMAT (vesicular monoamine
transporter) Conversion of tyrosine to dopamine

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25
Q

Synthesis Blocked by

A

Cholinergic: hemicholinium
Adrenergic: Met tyrosine

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26
Q

Storage blocked by

A

Choli: Vesamiciol
Adre: Reserpine

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27
Q

Release of neurotransmitter

A

Choli: Calcium interacts with VAMP, Exocytotic expulsion

Adre: Dopamine converted to Norepi
Dopamine- b-hydroxylase
Dopamine is released by diffusion

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28
Q

Termination of

activity

A

Choliner: Acetychylcholine
esterase Splits acetylcholine
into acetate and choline

Adre: NET : norepinephrine transporter
Carry transmitter back to the
vesicle
DAT/SERT: reuptake of serotonin and
dopamine
Termination of activity
Simple diffusion
Reuptake by NET
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29
Q

Release

A

Choli: Blocked by
Botulinum toxin
Tetanus toxin
(CNS)

Adre: Tyramine, Amphetamines and
Ephedrine (agonist)
Bretylium and Guanethedine

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30
Q

Termination of

activity

A

Choli: Blocked by
Cholinesterase
Inhibitors like
Neostigmine

Adre: Inhibit reuptake by Cocaine
and certain antidepressant
drugs Tranylcypromine, phenelzine,
rasagiline, selegiline (MAO inhibitor)
Increase MAO in the CNS
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31
Q

Storage and release of transmitter

A
  • Modulation of Transmitter release
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32
Q

Interaction of the transmitter with postjunctional
receptors and production of the postjunctional
potential

A

Transmitter diffused across the synaptic or junctional cleft and combines with specialized receptors (superfamily of ionotrophic receptors) on the postjunctional membrane, often resulting in a localized increase in ionic permeability or conductance of the membrane. 5HT3 Purine
receptors, GABA acid and Glycine receptors are examples

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33
Q

Presynaptic Receptors

A

Hetero and Auto

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34
Q

Heteroreceptors

A

Respond to neurotransmitters,
neuromodulators or neurohormones
released from adjacent neurons or cells

•NE can influence the release of
Ach from parasympathetic neurons
by acting on A2, A2b, and A2c
receptors
•Ach can influence the release of
NE from sympathetic neurons by
acting on M2 and Me receptors
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35
Q

Autoreceptors

A 
Located on or close to axon terminals of a neuron through which the neuron’s own transmitter can modify the transmitter
synthesis and release
Examples:
•NE released from sympathetic
neurons may interact with A2a and
A2c receptors to inhibit neurally
released NE
•Ach released from
parasympathetic neurons may
interact with M2 and M4 receptors
to inhibit neurally released Ach
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36
Q

Initiation of postjunctional activity

A

if an EPSP exceeds a certain threshold value, it imitates a propagated action potential in a postsynaptic neuron or a muscle action potential in
skeletal or cardiac muscle by activating voltage sensitive channels in the immediate vicinity

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37
Q

Nonelectrogenic functions

A

trophic actions/ factors of neurotransmitter either synthesis or
inactivation of transmitter, receptors, and synaptic characteristics

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38
Q

Acetylcholine

A 
Primary transmitter at ANS ganglia, at
somatic neuromuscular junction,
At parasympathetic postganglionic nerve
endings
Excitatory transmitter to smooth muscle
and secretory cells (ENS)
Major neuron to neuron transmitter
(ENS)
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39
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Primary transmitter at most sympathetic

post ganglionic nerve endings

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40
Q

Adenosine

triphosphate

A

Transmitter or co-transmitter at many

ANS effector synapse

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41
Q

Calcitonin gene

related peptide

A

In Substance P in cardiovascular
sensory nerve fibers, secretomotor
ENS, a cardiac stimulant

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42
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Cotransmitter in some excitatory

neuromuscular ENS

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43
Q

Dopamine

A

Modulatory transmitter in some
ganglia(ENS), a postganglionic
sympathetic transmitter in renal blood
cells

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44
Q

Enkephalin

A

Secretomotor and interneurons (ENS)
Inhibit acetylcholine release and
inhibit peristalsis, stimulate secretion

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45
Q

Galanin

A

Secretomotor neurons, apetite

satiety mechanism

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46
Q

GABA

A

Presynaptic effect on excitatory ENS
nerve terminals, relaxant effect on
the gut, not a major transmitter

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47
Q

Nitric oxide

A

Cotransmitter at inhibitory
ENSneuromuscular junction,
important in sphincters

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48
Q

Gastrin
releasing
peptide

A

Potent excitatory transmitter to

gastrin cells. Mammalian bombesin

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49
Q

Neuropeptide Y

A 
In noradrenergic neuron, some
secretomotor neurons (ENS)
Inhibit secretion of water and
electrolytes in the gut
Long lasting vasoconstriction
Cotransmitter(parasympathetic)
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50
Q

Serotonin

A

Important transmitter or cotransmitter
at excitatory neuron to neuron
junctions (ENS)

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51
Q

Substance P

A

Impt. Sensory neuron transmitter in
the ENS, excitatory cotransmitter with
ACH, vasodilator

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52
Q

Two main families of acetylcholine

receptors

A

Muscarnic (G protein)
Nicotinic- (Ligand gated)
both Presynap and post synap

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53
Q

Location of Neuron cell bodies

A

SPre GN :Intermediolateral cell in Spinal cord (T1-L3)
SPostGN: Prevertebral and paravertebral
ParaPreGN: Brainstem and scaral
ParaPostGN: Terminal ganglia in or near target organ

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54
Q

Myelination

A

SPreGn and ParaPreGn: yes

SpostGN, ParaPostGN: No

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55
Q

Primary neurotrans

A

SpreGn, ParaSympPGN and PAraPostGN: ACh

SpostGN: Norepi

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56
Q

Primary post synaptic Receptor

A

SpreGn and ParaPre: Nicotinic
SPost- Adrenergic
Parapost: Muscarnic

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57
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

Bind both acetylcholine and muscarine

Cholinergic	transmission	(acetylcholinemediated)	
activates	muscarinic	receptors
autonomic	ganglia,	organs	innervated	by	 the	parasympathetic	division	of	the	 autonomic	nervous	system	and	in	the	 central	nervous	system
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58
Q

All muscarinic receptors are Gprotein coupled receptors
five subclasses of muscarinic
receptors

A

M1 (CNS), M2 (Heart), M3 (Smooth muscle), M4 (CNS), M5(CNS)

M1,3,5- Excitatory
M2,4- Inhibitory

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59
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion
channels
When bound to acetylcholine
receptors undergo a conformational change
allows the entry of sodium ions
result in the depolarization of the effector
cell.

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60
Q

N1 or NM receptors

A

acetylcholine receptors at
the neuromuscular
junction

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61
Q

•NM subtype

A

are the only
acetylcholine receptors that
can be found at the
neuromuscular junction.

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62
Q

N2 or NN receptors

A 
transmission of
cholinergic signals in
the autonomic
nervous systems
Nicotinic receptors
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63
Q

NN subtype

A 
can be found both at
cholinergic and adrenergic
ganglia, but not at the target
tissues (e.g, heart, bladder, etc)
•Receptors are also present in the
CNS and adrenal medulla.
64
Q

M1 Post receptor Mechanism

A

IP3. DAG cascade

65
Q

M2 Post receptor Mechanism

A

inhibition of adenyl cyclase

66
Q

M3 Post receptor Mechanism

A

IP3, DAG cascae

67
Q

M4 Post receptor Mechanism

A

inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase

68
Q

M5 Post receptor Mechanism

`

A

IP3, DAG cas, IC Ca+2

69
Q

Nm and Nn Post receptor Mechanism

A

Na/K depol

70
Q

M1

A

CNS neuron, sympathetic postganglionic,

some presynaptic

71
Q

M2

A

Myocardium, smooth muscle, presymaptic

site, CNS neurons

72
Q

M3

A

Exocrine gland, vessels, CNSneuron

73
Q

M4`

A

CNS neuron, vagal nerve endings

74
Q

M5

A

Vascular endothelium, cerebral vessels,

CNS neurons

75
Q

Nm

A

Postganglionic neurons, presynatic

cholinergic

76
Q

Nn

A

Skeletal muscle neuromuscular endplates

77
Q

Adrenergic (noradrenergic)

receptors

A

Are class of G protein-coupled receptors
that are targets of many
catecholamines like
norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and
epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the
body, but also many medications like beta
blockers, beta-2 (β2) agonists and alpha-2
(α2) agonists, which are used to treat high
blood pressure and asthma, for example.

78
Q

EPI > NE&raquo_space; Isoprotenerol

A

Alpha receptors

79
Q

Isoprotenerol > EPI > NE

A

Beta Receptors

80
Q

Alpha 1 Post receptor Mechanism

A

IP3 and DAG.\Ca+2

81
Q

Alpha 2 Post receptor Mechanism

A

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase, Decreased cAMP

82
Q

Beta 1, B2, B3

A

Stim. Adenylyl cyclase, inc. cAMP

83
Q

Alpha 1

A

Postsynaptic effector cells, smooth

muscle

84
Q

Alpha 2

A

Presynaptic adrenergic, platelets,

lipocytes, smooth muscle

85
Q

Beta 1

A 
Postsynaptic effector cells, heart,
lipocytes, brain, presynaptic
adrenergic and cholinergic nerve
terminals, JG apparatus, ciliary body
epithelium
86
Q

Beta 2

A

Postsynaptic effector cells, smooth

muscle and cardiac muscle

87
Q

Beta 3

A

Postsynaptic effector cells, especially

lipocytes, heart

88
Q

D1

A

Stim. Adenylyl cyclase, inc. cAMP
Brain, effector tissue, smooth
muscle of renal vascular bed

89
Q

D2

A 
Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase,
activation of K channels
Brain, effector tissue, smooth
muscle; presynaptic nerve
terminal
90
Q

D3

A

Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

Brain

91
Q

D4

A

Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

Brain, cardiovascular system

92
Q

: iris(radial M) SNS

iris(circular M)

A

Contracts, Alpha 1

93
Q

Ciliary muscle SNS

A

Relaxes, Beta 1

94
Q

SA node SNS

A

Accelerates, B1,2

95
Q

Ectopic pacemaker SNS

A

Accelerates B1,2

96
Q

Contractility SNS

A

Increases,, B1,2

97
Q

Bronchiolar smooth SNS

muscle

A

Relaxes beta2

98
Q

Smooth muscle

wall SNS

A

Relaxes Alpha2, beta2

99
Q

Sphincter SNS

A

Contracts

Alpha 1

100
Q

Bladder wall

SNS

101
Q

Sphincter SNS

A

Contracts Alpha 1

102
Q

Uterus, pregnant SNS

A

Relaxes Beta 2

Contracts Alpha

103
Q

Penis, seminal vescicle SNS

A

Ejaculation, Alpha

104
Q

pilomotor smooth

muscle SNS

A

Contracts, Alpha

105
Q

Sweat glands, thermoregulatory
apocrine (stress)
SNS

A

Increases, m

Increases alpha

106
Q

Liver SNS

A

Gluconeogenesis Beta2, alpha

Glycogenolysis, Beta2,alpha

107
Q

Fat cells SNS

A

Lipolysis B3

108
Q

kidney SNS

A

Renin release, B1

109
Q

iris(radial M)

iris(circular M) PNS

A

Contracts, M3

110
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Contracts, M3

111
Q

SA node

A

Deccelerates, M2

112
Q

Ectopic pacemaker

Contractility

A

Decreases, M2

113
Q

Skeletal muscle vessel

endothelium

A

Releases EDRF, M3, M5

114
Q

Bronchiolar smooth

muscle

A

Contracts M3

115
Q

Smooth muscle

wall

A

Contracts, M3

116
Q

sphincters

A

Relaxes M3

117
Q

Secretion of git

A

Increases M3

118
Q

Bladder wall

A

Contracts M3

119
Q

Sphincter

120
Q

uterus Preg

A

Contract, M3

121
Q

penis, Sem V

A

Erection, M

122
Q

No effects

A

Skin, and metabolism

123
Q

EYE
Iris radial muscle
Iris Circular muscle
Ciliary muscle

A

Mydriasis (A1)
No effect
Relaxes (Beta)

No effect
Miosis (M3)
Contraction (M3)

124
Q

SA node

Contractility

A

Tachycardia (B1>B2)
Increase (B1>B2)
Bradycardia (M2)
Decrease (Atria) (M2)

125
Q

Skin, Splanchnic
Skeletal M vessels
Endothelium vessels of
Heart, Brain & Viscera

A 
Constrict (A1>A2)
Dilation (B2, less M3)
No effect
No effect
Synthesize and release
EDRF (M3,M5)
126
Q

Bronchial Smooth

A

Dilation (B2)

Constrict (M3)

127
Q

Smooth muscle walls

A

Relax (A2, B2)

Contract (M3)

128
Q

Smooth muscle

sphincters

A

Contract (A1)

Relax (M3)

129
Q

Secretion

A

Increase (M3)

(para)

130
Q

Bladder wall (detrusor)

A

Relax (B2), Contract (M3)

131
Q

Trigone and bladder

sphincter

A

Contract (A1)

Relax (M3)

132
Q

Uterus, pregnant

A

Relax (B2) Contract (M3) no

sensitive

133
Q

Penis, Seminal Vesicle

A

Ejaculation (A) Erection (M)

134
Q

Sweat, Salivary,
Lacrimal,
Nasopharyngeal

A

Para M, increase, no Symp

135
Q

Pilomotor smooth

muscle

A

Contracts (A), no PAra

136
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Increase (M)
Its sympathetic but Ach
Mediated no Para

137
Q

Apocrine (stress sweat

glands)

A

Increase (A)

No para

138
Q

Liver, no para

A

Gluconeogenesis (B2, A)

Glycogenolysis (B2, A)

139
Q

Fat cells no Para

A

B3, lipolysys

140
Q

Kidney

A

Renin release (B1); No effect

141
Q

Autonomic Drugs

A

Sympathetic, Sympathomimetic, sympatholytic

142
Q

parsympa Drugs

A

Parasympathomimetic

Parasympatholytic

143
Q

Muscarnic Agents

A

Musc ACh receptor, inc. parasympa, ACh, Pilocarpine, Glaucoma (open Aq humor)

Bethanechol- Difficulty urinating

144
Q

ACh Inhibitors

A

No recpetor, Indirect efffect on ACh receptors, Prolong

Neostigime: Myasthenia Gravis
Sarin- Chemical warfare

145
Q

Sympathomimetics

A

Adregenric receptors, Increase sympa activity, Albuterol, Asthma

Phenylephrine- Cold

146
Q

Sympatholytic

A

Adregenic receptors, Dec. Sympa activity, propanolol, hypertension cure

147
Q

Primary controlled variable in CV

A
  • Mean arterial pressure
  • Drug induced leads to increased PVR
  • Homeostatic secondary response
148
Q

Drug effect: Norepinephrine

A
  • Slow infusion on the heart: direct effect
  • vasoconstriction
  • Increase peripheral vascular resistance
  • Increase mean arterial pressure
149
Q

Intact reflexes

A 
negative feedback
baroreceptor response
•Increased mean arterial pressure
•Decrease sympathetic outflow
•Increase parasympathetic effect
150
Q

Bradycardia

A

reflex

compensatory response

151
Q

•PARASYMPATHETIC:

A

TROPHOTROPIC
•Rest and digest
•Example: slowing of the heart,
stimulation of digestive activity

152
Q

SYMPATHETIC:

A

ERGOTROPIC
•Fight or flight
•Example: cardiac stimulation, increased
blood sugar, cutaneous vasoconstriction

153
Q 
Dilation of the radial muscle of
the iris with alpha adrenoceptor
agents leads to decrease in
intraocular pressure in patients with
angle-closure glaucoma
154
Q 
Nerve terminals carrying regulatory
receptors that maybe activated by
substances released from other nerve
terminals
A.Autoreceptors
B.Heteroreceptors
C.V-AMP receptors
D.ABC Transporters
155
Q 
Effect of receptor regulation that
occurs in denervation
supersensitivity
A.Up-regulation
B.Down-regulation
C.Modulation by other simultaneous
events
D.None of the answers
156
Q

Type of receptor that activates
the first IPSP in autonomic ganglion
cell

Pharmacology (19 decks)

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