Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Functions of Human life
6 OMRMDR
Organisation
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Development
Reproduction
Requirements for life
4
Oxygen
Nutrients
Narrow range of temperature
Narrow range of atmospheric pressure
List the human body systems
Muscular
Urinary
Respiratory
Digestive
Endocrine
Reproductive
Skeletal
Lymphatic
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular
List the characteristics of human life
Autopoiesis - Living organism are self organised & self maintaining
Cell Theory- made of 1 or more cells, its alive
Metabolism - physical + chemical reactions occurring in the body
eg. ATP
Describe levels of organisation
Chemical - atom bonds to form molecules
Cellular - molecues combine to form fluid + organelles
Tissue - similar cells form a body tissue
Organ - 2 or more tissues combine
Organ System - related organs with common function
Organism - individual living human
Describe homeostasis
The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
Describe the components of a feedback system
Effectors -
Receptor (Stimulus) -
Control Centre -
Describe negative and positive feedback systems with an example of each
Negative feedback system - returns controlled conditions to normal eg. temperature control
positive feedback system - enhances change & continues until homeostasis is restored eg. blood clotting or childbirth
Describe the anatomical position
- Body standing upright with head & eyes directed to the front
- the upper limbs are relaxed & down to the side of the body
- Palms are directed anteriorly
- Feet are approximately shoulder width apart - toes directed to the front
Describe directional terms
Posterior (dorsal) - towards the back
Anterior (ventral) - towards the front
Superior (Cranial) - towards the head
Inferior (Caudal) - Towards the feet
Medial - Towards trunk
Lateral - Away from trunk
Proximal - closest attached to trunk
Distal - farthest from trunk
Superficial - Closest to surface
Deep - Farthest from surface
Sagittal - split left + right
Frontal - split front + back
Transverse - top + bottom
Describe the major body regions
Axial Subdivision - Head, neck + torso or trunk
Appendicular - lower + upper extremities
Upper extremity - Upper arm, forearm + Hand - shoulder joints to fingers
Lower extremity - hip, knee, ankle + joints bones from thigh leg + foot
Abdominal regions + quadrants
TR - Right Hypochondriac region
TM - Epigastric Region
TL - Left Hypochondriac Region
MR - Right Lumbar
M - Umbilical
ML - Left Lumbar
BR - Right Iliac
BM - Hypogastric
BL - Left Iliac
Right Upper Quadrant - Liver, Gall bladder, Colon, R Kidney, Pancreas
Left Upper Quadrant - Stomach, Spleen, colon, L Kidney, Pancreas
Right Lower Quadrant - Appendix, Colon, Bladder, Ovaries
Left Lower Quadrant - Colon, ovaries, Ureter
Describe the four major biomolecules
Lipids (Fats) - energy source
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Prostaglandins
Proteins -
Fibrous
Globular
Carbohydrates (sugars) - Source of energy
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acid - Source of energy
DNA
RNA
Describe DNA and RNA
DNA - Double stranded, helical with deoxyribes sugar on phosphate group & A, G, T or C Base
RNA - Single stranded with ribose sugar on phosphate group with A, G, U or C Base
Discuss the structure of the cell
Plasma Membrane - Phospholipid bilayer
Nucleus - Control centre (contains DNA)
Mitochondrion - Provides energy to cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Transports, synthesises + stores
Golgi Apparatus - sorts, modify + ships off products from rough ER
Lysosomes - Contains enzymes breakdown + digest unneeded organelles
Peroxisomes - contains enzymes which function in lipid metabolism
Cytoplasm = organelles + cytosol
