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APBI 311 > Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of the integrated functions of the animal body and the functions of its constituent parts

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3
Q

What is Cranial?

A

towards the head

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4
Q

What is Caudal?

A

towards the tail

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5
Q

What are some paired structures?

A 
lungs
ribs
limbs
kidneys
ovaries
ureters
etc
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6
Q

What are the two main Cavities of the body?

A
  1. Dorsal Cavity

2. Ventral Cavity

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7
Q

What structure separates the ventral cavity into two other cavities?

A

The diaphragm

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8
Q

What two cavities is the ventral cavity separated into?

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity

2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

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9
Q

What sacs are contained within the Thoracic Cavity? What do they surround? (2)

A
  1. Pericardial sac - surrounds heart

2. Pleural sac - Surrounds lungs

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10
Q

What does the Abdominopelvic cavity contain? (3)

A
  1. Digestive organs
  2. Reproductive organs
  3. Kidneys
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11
Q

What does the Pelvic cavity contain?

A

Part of the digestive system and urogenital system

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12
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The membrane surrounding the abdominal and part of the pelvic viscera.

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues? (2)

A
  1. cover exposed body surfaces

2. lines body cavities and glands

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Connective tissues? (4)

A
  1. Widely distributed and spaced well appart (not tightly stacked)
  2. Supporting tissues composed of cells embedded within a matrix
  3. Protect the tissues
  4. Bind tissues together
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Muscle tissues? (2)

A
  1. Specialized for contraction

2. Functions to accomplish movement

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Nerve tissues? (1)

A

Receiving and conducting electrical impulses

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17
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Glandular
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18
Q

What are the four types of simple epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Pseudostratified
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple squamous tissues? (2)

A
  1. Irregular/flattened shape

2. Lining of body cavities, organs and blood vessels

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple cuboidal tissues? (4)

A
  1. Less flat appearance
  2. Cuboidal in shape
  3. Forms walls of kidney tubules
  4. Composes the active tissue of many glands
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple columnar tissues? (2)

A
  1. Cylindrical in shape

2. Lines the trachea

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22
Q

where are Pseudostratified tissues present in the body? (1)

A

Bronchioles

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23
Q

What are the three types of stratified epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Transitional
  2. Stratified squamous
  3. Stratified columnar
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24
Q

Where can Transitional tissue be located?

A

Urinary system, stretching tissue (bladder and ureters)

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25
What is the main characteristic of transitional tissue?
its stretchy
26
What are the main characteristics of stratified squamous tissue? (2)
1. Thickest epithelial tissue | 2. Toughest epithelial tissue
27
Where can stratified squamous tissue be located? (2)
1. Outer lining of the skin | 2. Lining of the esophagus
28
Where can stratified columnar epithelium tissues be located? (2)
1. Pharynx | 2. Salivary ducts
29
What is secretion?
The release of a substance that has been synthesized by the cell - usually affects other cells in other parts of the body.
30
What is excretion?
The expelling of waste products that are not of use to the cell or body.
31
What is an endocrine gland?
A gland that empties their products directly into the blood stream.
32
What is a exocrine gland?
A gland that empties their products via ducts into a body cavity (mouth, gut, urinary tract). Secretion consists of aqueous mixtures.
33
What is merocrine secretion?
Pass their products through the cell wall without appreciable loss of cytoplasm or damage to the cell membrane.
34
What is holocrine secretion?
The entire cell is discharged
35
What is Apocrine secretion?
Apical portion of the acinar cell is discarded and the secretion released.
36
What are some examples of connective tissues? (5)
1. Cartilage 2. Bone 3. Ligaments 4. Blood 5. Adipose tissue
37
What are the three different types/classes/functions of connective tissue and what are some examples of each?
1. Structural - fibroblast, cartilage, bone 2. Defensive - Macrophages, lymphocytes 3. Sequestering - Adipose tissue, red blood cells
38
What are fibroblasts?
They are the most common connective tissue within vertebrate bodies. They are flat, irregular branching cells that secrete structurally strong proteins into the matrix between cells.
39
What are two types of proteins excreted by fibroblasts?
1. Collagen | 2. Elastin
40
What is elastin?
A fibrous tissue that is the principle component of the lungs
41
What are the types of connective tissues where the characteristic cells are fibroblasts? (3)
1. Areolar (or loose) connective tissue (ACT) 2. Dense irregular CT 3. Dense regular CT
42
What are the characteristics of Areolar (or loose) connective tissue? (3)
1. found throughout body wherever protective cushioning and flexibility are needed 2. Present beneath skin: attaches the skin to underlying muscles 3. Blood vessels surrounded by sheath of ACT - permits vessel to move yet protects them.
43
where can you find Dense regular CT? (2)
Present in tendons and ligaments
44
What do tendons do?
connect muscle to bone
45
what do ligaments do?
Connect bones to bones
46
What are the characteristics of Dense irregular CT? (2)
1. present in dermis of skin and arterial walls | 2. arranged in thick mat - tanned to make leather
47
What are the characteristics of cartilage?
1. Firmer and flexible tissue that does not stretch yet not as hard as bone. 2. Laid down along lines of stress Cells=Chondrocytes
48
What are the three types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage
49
What is Hyaline cartilage?
The glass-like covering of bones within joints. It forms a smooth surface that reduces friction so that one bone can easily glide over another. Also found at ends of long bones
50
What is Elastic cartilage?
Mixture of cartilage substances and elastic fibres. Found in external ear
51
What is Fibrocartilage?
Cartilage and collagen. Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage.
52
What is bone?
Special form of cartilage where the collagen fibres are coated with a calcium phosphate
53
What are bone forming cells?
``` Osteoblasts osteoid tissue (that calcify to form bone) ```
54
What are havesian canals?
Channels surrounded by lamellae, which contain blood vessels and nerve cells. (in the bone)
55
What is Lamellae?
A concentric layer in which bone is laid down
56
What does spongy bone or cancellous bone line?
The medullary cavity
57
What is compact bone?
surrounds the spongy bone and collagen fibres are laid down in a pattern far denser than the interior framework.
58
What is blood?
An opaque red liquid connective tissue consisting of microscopically visible elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (thrombocytes)) suspended in an amber intercellular fluid called plasma.
59
What is plasma?
A complex fluid in which blood cells and thrombocytes circulate
60
What is serum?
- The supernatant yellow fluid that is expressed out when blood coagulates. - Used for prevention and treatment of disease because it contains the antibody fraction of the blood.
61
What does Plasma contain? (7)
``` 1. 93% water 7% solutes such as 2. Protein 3. Inorganic solutes (Na+, K+, Ca++, etc) 4. Nonprotein organic substances (glucose, glycerol, fatty acids) 5. Hormones, enzymes, vitamins, pigments 6. Cell waste products (urea, uric acid) 7. Aminoacids ```
62
What are the three types of blood cells and what are their functions?
1. Erythrocytes (RBCs) - Transport of gases 2. Leukocytes (WBCs) - Defense against invading bacteria and other foreign substances 3. Thrombocytes (platelets) - Blood clotting
63
What are the two categories of Leukocytes (WBCs)?
1. Granular leukocytes - Granulocytes | 2. Agranular Leukocytes - Agranulocytes
64
What are the three types of Granulocytes?
1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil
65
What are the characteristics of Neutrophils?
First line of defense against bacteria. Very motile phagocytic
66
What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?
Detoxification of foreign proteins and substances. Less motile phagocytic
67
What are the characteristics of Basophils?
Inflammatory response. cytoplasmic granules contain heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator) outside blood.
68
What are the two types of Agranulocytes?
1. Monocytes | 2. Lymphocytes
69
What are the characteristics of Monocytes?
Largest Leukocyte, precursor of macrophage - defense against microorganisms and chemicals
70
What are the characteristics of Lymphocytes?
B-lymphocytes: antibody | T-lymphocytes: cellular immune response
71
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
Flat disc with central depression. Contains pigment hemoglobin which associates and dissociates with oxygen and carbon dioxide
72
What are the characteristics of adipose tissue?
Forms when connective tissue cells take up fat for storeage as inclusions within cytoplasm of the cells.
73
What animals usually have brown fat and what does it do?
Hibernating mammals and young mammals. | generates heat to protect young mammals and awakening hibernating mammals from extreme cold.
74
What are the three types of muscle?
1. Smooth Muscle 2. Striated Muscle 3. Cardiac Muscle
75
What are the characteristics of Smooth Muscle? (3)
1. Involuntary, visceral, unstriated 2. Spindle shaped cells that contain one centrally located nucleus per cell. 3. Contract more slowly than striated muscles and respond to a variety of stimuli.
76
Where can smooth muscle be found?
Found in walls of digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary and reproductive organs.
77
What are the characteristics of Striated Muscle? (5)
1. Long fibres - striations. 2. Many peripherally located nuclei 3. cell membrane - sarcolemma 4. Each striated muscle has its own nerve supply - all or none law 5. Striated muscle tissue + some connective tissue makes up the flesh of meat producing animals
78
What are the characteristics of Cardiac Muscle? (2)
1. Modified muscle cells called purkinje's fibres conduct impulses within the heart 2. Intercalated discs increase the speed of electrical transmission between muscle fibres
79
what components make up a nerve cell? (4)
1. Dendrites 2. Nerve cell body 3. Nucleus 4. Axons
80
What is the function of dendrites?
conduct impulses towards the cell body
81
What is the function of an Axon?
conduct impulses away from the cell body

APBI 311 (5 decks)

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