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APBI 311 > Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of the integrated functions of the animal body and the functions of its constituent parts

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3
Q

What is Cranial?

A

towards the head

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4
Q

What is Caudal?

A

towards the tail

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5
Q

What are some paired structures?

A 
lungs
ribs
limbs
kidneys
ovaries
ureters
etc
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6
Q

What are the two main Cavities of the body?

A
  1. Dorsal Cavity

2. Ventral Cavity

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7
Q

What structure separates the ventral cavity into two other cavities?

A

The diaphragm

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8
Q

What two cavities is the ventral cavity separated into?

A
  1. Thoracic Cavity

2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

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9
Q

What sacs are contained within the Thoracic Cavity? What do they surround? (2)

A
  1. Pericardial sac - surrounds heart

2. Pleural sac - Surrounds lungs

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10
Q

What does the Abdominopelvic cavity contain? (3)

A
  1. Digestive organs
  2. Reproductive organs
  3. Kidneys
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11
Q

What does the Pelvic cavity contain?

A

Part of the digestive system and urogenital system

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12
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The membrane surrounding the abdominal and part of the pelvic viscera.

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues? (2)

A
  1. cover exposed body surfaces

2. lines body cavities and glands

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of Connective tissues? (4)

A
  1. Widely distributed and spaced well appart (not tightly stacked)
  2. Supporting tissues composed of cells embedded within a matrix
  3. Protect the tissues
  4. Bind tissues together
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Muscle tissues? (2)

A
  1. Specialized for contraction

2. Functions to accomplish movement

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Nerve tissues? (1)

A

Receiving and conducting electrical impulses

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17
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Simple
  2. Stratified
  3. Glandular
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18
Q

What are the four types of simple epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Pseudostratified
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple squamous tissues? (2)

A
  1. Irregular/flattened shape

2. Lining of body cavities, organs and blood vessels

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple cuboidal tissues? (4)

A
  1. Less flat appearance
  2. Cuboidal in shape
  3. Forms walls of kidney tubules
  4. Composes the active tissue of many glands
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple columnar tissues? (2)

A
  1. Cylindrical in shape

2. Lines the trachea

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22
Q

where are Pseudostratified tissues present in the body? (1)

A

Bronchioles

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23
Q

What are the three types of stratified epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Transitional
  2. Stratified squamous
  3. Stratified columnar
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24
Q

Where can Transitional tissue be located?

A

Urinary system, stretching tissue (bladder and ureters)

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25
Q

What is the main characteristic of transitional tissue?

A

its stretchy

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26
Q

What are the main characteristics of stratified squamous tissue? (2)

A
  1. Thickest epithelial tissue

2. Toughest epithelial tissue

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27
Q

Where can stratified squamous tissue be located? (2)

A
  1. Outer lining of the skin

2. Lining of the esophagus

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28
Q

Where can stratified columnar epithelium tissues be located? (2)

A
  1. Pharynx

2. Salivary ducts

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29
Q

What is secretion?

A

The release of a substance that has been synthesized by the cell - usually affects other cells in other parts of the body.

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30
Q

What is excretion?

A

The expelling of waste products that are not of use to the cell or body.

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31
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A gland that empties their products directly into the blood stream.

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32
Q

What is a exocrine gland?

A

A gland that empties their products via ducts into a body cavity (mouth, gut, urinary tract). Secretion consists of aqueous mixtures.

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33
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Pass their products through the cell wall without appreciable loss of cytoplasm or damage to the cell membrane.

34
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

The entire cell is discharged

35
Q

What is Apocrine secretion?

A

Apical portion of the acinar cell is discarded and the secretion released.

36
Q

What are some examples of connective tissues? (5)

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Bone
  3. Ligaments
  4. Blood
  5. Adipose tissue
37
Q

What are the three different types/classes/functions of connective tissue and what are some examples of each?

A
  1. Structural - fibroblast, cartilage, bone
  2. Defensive - Macrophages, lymphocytes
  3. Sequestering - Adipose tissue, red blood cells
38
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

They are the most common connective tissue within vertebrate bodies. They are flat, irregular branching cells that secrete structurally strong proteins into the matrix between cells.

39
Q

What are two types of proteins excreted by fibroblasts?

A
  1. Collagen

2. Elastin

40
Q

What is elastin?

A

A fibrous tissue that is the principle component of the lungs

41
Q

What are the types of connective tissues where the characteristic cells are fibroblasts? (3)

A
  1. Areolar (or loose) connective tissue (ACT)
  2. Dense irregular CT
  3. Dense regular CT
42
Q

What are the characteristics of Areolar (or loose) connective tissue? (3)

A
  1. found throughout body wherever protective cushioning and flexibility are needed
  2. Present beneath skin: attaches the skin to underlying muscles
  3. Blood vessels surrounded by sheath of ACT - permits vessel to move yet protects them.
43
Q

where can you find Dense regular CT? (2)

A

Present in tendons and ligaments

44
Q

What do tendons do?

A

connect muscle to bone

45
Q

what do ligaments do?

A

Connect bones to bones

46
Q

What are the characteristics of Dense irregular CT? (2)

A
  1. present in dermis of skin and arterial walls

2. arranged in thick mat - tanned to make leather

47
Q

What are the characteristics of cartilage?

A
  1. Firmer and flexible tissue that does not stretch yet not as hard as bone.
  2. Laid down along lines of stress
    Cells=Chondrocytes
48
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
49
Q

What is Hyaline cartilage?

A

The glass-like covering of bones within joints. It forms a smooth surface that reduces friction so that one bone can easily glide over another. Also found at ends of long bones

50
Q

What is Elastic cartilage?

A

Mixture of cartilage substances and elastic fibres. Found in external ear

51
Q

What is Fibrocartilage?

A

Cartilage and collagen. Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage.

52
Q

What is bone?

A

Special form of cartilage where the collagen fibres are coated with a calcium phosphate

53
Q

What are bone forming cells?

A 
Osteoblasts
osteoid tissue (that calcify to form bone)
54
Q

What are havesian canals?

A

Channels surrounded by lamellae, which contain blood vessels and nerve cells. (in the bone)

55
Q

What is Lamellae?

A

A concentric layer in which bone is laid down

56
Q

What does spongy bone or cancellous bone line?

A

The medullary cavity

57
Q

What is compact bone?

A

surrounds the spongy bone and collagen fibres are laid down in a pattern far denser than the interior framework.

58
Q

What is blood?

A

An opaque red liquid connective tissue consisting of microscopically visible elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (thrombocytes)) suspended in an amber intercellular fluid called plasma.

59
Q

What is plasma?

A

A complex fluid in which blood cells and thrombocytes circulate

60
Q

What is serum?

A
  • The supernatant yellow fluid that is expressed out when blood coagulates.
  • Used for prevention and treatment of disease because it contains the antibody fraction of the blood.
61
Q

What does Plasma contain? (7)

A 
1. 93% water
7% solutes such as
2. Protein
3. Inorganic solutes (Na+, K+, Ca++, etc)
4. Nonprotein organic substances (glucose, glycerol, fatty acids)
5. Hormones, enzymes, vitamins, pigments
6. Cell waste products (urea, uric acid)
7. Aminoacids
62
Q

What are the three types of blood cells and what are their functions?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBCs) - Transport of gases
  2. Leukocytes (WBCs) - Defense against invading bacteria and other foreign substances
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets) - Blood clotting
63
Q

What are the two categories of Leukocytes (WBCs)?

A
  1. Granular leukocytes - Granulocytes

2. Agranular Leukocytes - Agranulocytes

64
Q

What are the three types of Granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
65
Q

What are the characteristics of Neutrophils?

A

First line of defense against bacteria. Very motile phagocytic

66
Q

What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?

A

Detoxification of foreign proteins and substances. Less motile phagocytic

67
Q

What are the characteristics of Basophils?

A

Inflammatory response. cytoplasmic granules contain heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator) outside blood.

68
Q

What are the two types of Agranulocytes?

A
  1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

69
Q

What are the characteristics of Monocytes?

A

Largest Leukocyte, precursor of macrophage - defense against microorganisms and chemicals

70
Q

What are the characteristics of Lymphocytes?

A

B-lymphocytes: antibody

T-lymphocytes: cellular immune response

71
Q

What are the characteristics of red blood cells?

A

Flat disc with central depression. Contains pigment hemoglobin which associates and dissociates with oxygen and carbon dioxide

72
Q

What are the characteristics of adipose tissue?

A

Forms when connective tissue cells take up fat for storeage as inclusions within cytoplasm of the cells.

73
Q

What animals usually have brown fat and what does it do?

A

Hibernating mammals and young mammals.

generates heat to protect young mammals and awakening hibernating mammals from extreme cold.

74
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  1. Smooth Muscle
  2. Striated Muscle
  3. Cardiac Muscle
75
Q

What are the characteristics of Smooth Muscle? (3)

A
  1. Involuntary, visceral, unstriated
  2. Spindle shaped cells that contain one centrally located nucleus per cell.
  3. Contract more slowly than striated muscles and respond to a variety of stimuli.
76
Q

Where can smooth muscle be found?

A

Found in walls of digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary and reproductive organs.

77
Q

What are the characteristics of Striated Muscle? (5)

A
  1. Long fibres - striations.
  2. Many peripherally located nuclei
  3. cell membrane - sarcolemma
  4. Each striated muscle has its own nerve supply - all or none law
  5. Striated muscle tissue + some connective tissue makes up the flesh of meat producing animals
78
Q

What are the characteristics of Cardiac Muscle? (2)

A
  1. Modified muscle cells called purkinje’s fibres conduct impulses within the heart
  2. Intercalated discs increase the speed of electrical transmission between muscle fibres
79
Q

what components make up a nerve cell? (4)

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Nerve cell body
  3. Nucleus
  4. Axons
80
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

conduct impulses towards the cell body

81
Q

What is the function of an Axon?

A

conduct impulses away from the cell body

APBI 311 (5 decks)

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