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Anatomic And Molecular Pathology(FPP) > Introduction To Anatomic Pathology > Flashcards

Introduction To Anatomic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is derived from two words?

A

• Pathos-suffering and
• logos-study

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2
Q

Definition of pathology

A

It can be defined as the science that deals with the study of disease and the body’s response to disease.

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3
Q

According to Royal College of pathology, London, pathology is defined as?

A

•Pathology is the hidden Science at the heart of modern medicine, vital for the diagnosis and clinical management of disease

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4
Q

Pathology is a discipline that links ______ and ______

A

BASIC MEDICINE
CLINICAL PRACTICE

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5
Q

Branches of Pathology:
(Hint: there are 4 branches)

A

•Anatomic Pathology (Forensic Pathology)
•Clinical or Chemical Pathology
•Medical Microbiology
•Hematology and Blood Transfusion

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6
Q

Concerning an Anatomic Pathologist:
• Is a ______ physician who examines _____ by the use of morphologic, ______ and ______ techniques to make diagnosis.
• He/she is first and foremost a ______
• undertakes an extra _____ postgraduate
training in ________
• may also undergo additional training(fellowship) to
sub specialize.
• He is responsible for the ______ and _____

A

•laboratory, tissues, immunologic, molecular
•Medical doctor
•5-6 years, laboratory medicine
• quality assurance and accuracy of laboratory tests

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7
Q

Three major services provided in anatomic pathology laboratory:

A

• Surgical pathology or histopathology
• Cytopathology
• Forensic pathology services

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8
Q

Some techniques in histopathology:

A

Light microscopy
Histochemistry
Immunohistochemistry
Fluorescence microscopy
Electron microscopy
Flow cytometry
Tissue culture

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9
Q

Tissue samples are removed by:

A

Incisional biopsy(trucut biopsy)
Excision biopsy

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10
Q

Incisional biopsy involves ____

A

Removal of small piece of the organ for processing

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11
Q

Excision biopsy involves:

A

open surgery with complete removal of whole lesion/tumour or organ

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12
Q

Examples of incisional biopsies:

A

liver, prostate, breast, kidney, gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies

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13
Q

Examples of excision biopsies:

A

colonic resection, nephrectomy, mastectomy, prostatectomy, total abdominal hystecterectomy

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14
Q

The sample should be immersed in a container big enough to contain it and preservative ____ times the volume of the tissue.

A

3-5times

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15
Q

• The process that ensures that the tissue remains in the state it was before removal from the body is _______

A

Tissue preservation

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16
Q

Major reason for preserving tissue:

A

• It prevents AUTOLYSIS of tissue by cellular enzymes and DECOMPOSITION by microorganisms.

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17
Q

Properties of fixatives:

A

• Preserve tissue
• Harden tissue to allow thin sectioning.
• Devitalize or inactivates infectious agents (except CJD infection) on glass slides
• Stabilize tissue components and enhances avidity for dyes.

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18
Q

Factors affecting fixation:

A

•Volume
•Time
•Access of fixative to tissues- slicing big tissues helps fixation
•Temperature - room temperature
•Buffer
•pH

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19
Q

Requirements of volume of tissue to preservative ratio:

A

tissue volume(ratio 1:10) is recommended

20
Q

Most commonly used fixative is ____

A

10% neutral buffered formalin

21
Q

Other examples of fixatives are:

A

Boiun’s solution
Carnoy solution ( made of picric acid and absolute alcohol)
B-5 solution

22
Q

What fixative is used for for testis, small biopsies?

A

Bioun’s solution

23
Q

What fixative is routinely used for bone marrow biopsies and lymphoid tissues especially when lymphoma is suspected?

A

B-5 solution

24
Q

What fixative contains alcohol for rapid processing, dissolves fat and so good for identifying lymph node?

A

Carnoy solution
(Picric acid + absolute alcohol)

25
Q

In staining using H&E stain-
______ stain blue with _____ stain while ______ stains pink with ____ stain

A

Nuclei, haematoxylin
Cytoplasm, eosin

26
Q

________ is required to further assist in establishing diagnosis.

A

Special Histochemical Stains

27
Q

Examination of some organs such as the _____, _____ and _____ will usually not be complete without the use of special stains.

A

Liver
Kidney
GIT

28
Q

What special stain is used in Mucinous Adenocarcinoma?

A

Mucicarmine (mucin is the tissue constituent)

29
Q

What special stain is used in disease condition, Necrotizing lesion in glomerulonephritis?

A

Reticulin stain
(Tissue constituent is Fibrin)

30
Q

Congo red is the special stain used in what disease condition?

A

Amyloidosis (tissue costitient-Amyloid)

31
Q

Chronic gastritis is associated with what tissue constituent? What special stain is used?

A

Helicobacter Pylori
Modified Giemsa stain

32
Q

Tissue constituent-Haemosiderin, Iron is seen in what disease condition? Amd what special stain is used?

A

Haemochromatosis
Perl’s Prussian blue

33
Q

In Liver cirrhosis, what special stain is used?

A

Masson’s trichome/ Sirus red
Tissue constituent- Connective tissue fibers
Note: Sirius Red is used for Chronic Hepatitis

34
Q

_________ is a technique in which rapid diagnosis is made from surgical tissue sample with the use of fresh sample.

A

Frozen section

35
Q

In frozen section, sections are cut using the ____ at ____(temperature)

A

CRYOSTAT
-3 degrees centigrade

36
Q

Uses of Frozen Section:

A

• For rapid diagnosis to ascertain the presence of diagnostic material in tissues
e.g Hirchsprung’s disease, presence or absence of malignancy
• Examination of tumour resection margins.

37
Q

Define Immunohistochemistry:

A

A technique used for the identification of cellular or tissue antigens by means of antigen antibody interactions.
It is used for therapeutic,diagnostic and prognostic purposes.

38
Q

Uses of immunohistochemistry:

A

Diagnosis of undifferentiated tumour
• To Predict response to therapy-e.g. Detection of oestrogen/progesterone receptor in breast cancer. Positivity means the patient will respond to treatment by anti-oestrogen drug
• To determine the origin of unknown primary tumours
• To detect micro-metastasis in lymph node and bone marrow,
• To distinguish in-situ tumour from microinvasive cancer.
• To detect micro-organisms .e.g. Hepatitis B in liver

39
Q

________ studies individual cell characteristics to make diagnosis

A

Cytopathology

40
Q

Examples of cytopathology:

A

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) of solid masses, breast, liver, lymph node,thyroid etc
• Gynaecological cytopathology-Pap smear (slide), liquid based cytology kits
• Exfoliative cytology –fluids from ascites, pleural effusion, CSF , joint space, cystic aspirate etc

41
Q

Define a mortuary:

A

The mortuary refers to a facility (one or more rooms or a building) which is used for the storage of bodies.

42
Q

Services of a mortuary:

A
  1. Body storage
  2. Autopsy or Postmortem examination
  3. Embalmment
43
Q

Two types of autopsy:

A

Hospital/Clinical autopsy
Coronal/forensic/medicolegal autopsy

44
Q

Hospital/clinical autopsy is that which is done with permission/consent of the ____ or ____

A

Relatives/next of kin

45
Q

Define coronal autopsy

A

Coronal autopsy/forensic/medico- legal autopsy is examination performed under the law with the order of the coroner

46
Q

Uses of autopsy:

A

• To determine cause of death.
• Teaching of medical students and nurses
• Training of residents.
• For clinical audit
• To research purpose
• Discover “disease of unknown cause”- e.g cancer, SARS, HIV-AIDS
• Medico-legal cases to establish justice in the law court, to claim insurance benefit, definite cause of death has to be found.

Anatomic And Molecular Pathology(FPP) (3 decks)

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