Aetio-pathogenesis, Pathophysiological basis of Disease & Clinicopathological Correlation

Question 1

What is disease?

Answer 1

Disease refers to a state characterized by certain alterations in body

Question 2

Disease is a _____ process which onset may be:(3characteristics)

Answer 2

Dynamic
Acute or chronic
Duration is variable
Result in either recovery or (partial or complete) or death

Question 3

W.H.O definition of health

Answer 3

WHO defines health as a state of physical, mental, psychological, emotional well being, not just absence of disease

Question 4

An individual is said to have normal value for any measurable parameter if ______

Answer 4

if his/her value is within the normal range or average value for that parameter

Question 5

Average of parameters are gotten by _____

Answer 5

Observations on many individuals

Question 6

Concept of normalcy or disease is influenced by _______ and _______ and are often _____

Answer 6

Cultural values
Biological realities
Arbitrary

Question 7

Reasons for variation in parameters:

Answer 7

• Differences in genetic constitution
• Differences lifestyles and environmental exposures
• Intrinsic variation in physiological processes in an individual

Question 8

What is homeostasis?

Answer 8

Homeostasis is maintenance of a steady state of internal chemical and physical environment

Question 9

An essential feature of normalcy:

Answer 9

Maintenance of internal constancy(stability)

Question 10

4 basic processes that the pathologist study to understand every single disease condition

Answer 10

Aetiology
Pathogenesis
Morphological changes
Functional consequences and clinical manifestations

Question 11

What is aetiology?

Answer 11

•This refers to the cause, set of causes, the manner and origin of a disease

Question 12

Aetiology can be classified into ___, namely:

Answer 12

Two
Acquired
Inherited

Question 13

Examples of acquired causes:

Answer 13

Physical
Chemical
Microbiologic agents
Nutritional/Dietary

Question 14

Majority of diseases have complex aetiology that is they are ___

Answer 14

MULTIFACTORIAL

Question 15

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 15

Refers to the study of the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury

Question 16

Pathophysiology is also known as:

Answer 16

Disordered Physiology

Question 17

Pathophysiology can also be referred to as ____.

Answer 17

Physiopathology
It is concerned with either the bodily functional changes that cause a disease or the bodily functional changes that result from disease

Question 18

Pathophysiology is concerned with disruptions of normal physiology which includes:

Answer 18

the alterations, derangements
mechanisms involved in disruption and
how they manifest as symptoms and signs as well as abnormal laboratory findings

Question 19

• Studies the earlier stage of disease? •Studies the latter stage ?
• Deals with symptoms and signs
• Deals with predisposing factors of diseases—
• Helps in prevention?
• Essential to understanding the rationale for management of patients?

Answer 19

•Aetiology
•Pathophysiology
•Pathophysiology
•Aetiology
•Aetiology
•Pathophysiology

Question 20

______ involves all the aspects of pathology with the exclusion of structural changes.

Answer 20

Pathophysiology

Question 21

The study of PP is therefore to understand the ________

Answer 21

Roots of specific diseases

Question 22

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 22

It is defined as the mechanisms that underlie disease from the effect of the aetiological agents to the reactions of the body against them, resulting in manifestation of the disease

Question 23

________ is a major pillar of pathology that involves the mechanisms that underlie disease from the effect of the aetiological agents to the reactions of the body against them, resulting in manifestation of the disease.

Answer 23

Pathogenesis

Question 24

What is a lesion?

Answer 24

A Lesion refers to demonstrable structural change produced in the course of a disease which may be macroscopic or microscopic

Question 25

Signs are defined as _____ which are_____

Answer 25

Identifiable aberrations in the patient
Objective

Question 26

_____ are the earliest manifestation and may be non-specific.

Answer 26

Symptoms

Question 27

Symptoms are ____

Answer 27

Subjective

Question 28

Diseases are _____ not static and manifestations which differ from day to day depend on:

Answer 28

Dynamic
• compensatory(adaptive) mechanisms come in
• Environmental influences on the patient

Question 29

Most causes of diseases are acquired from the ______ and include:

Answer 29

Environment
• infections,
• mechanical trauma,
• toxic chemical,
• radiation,
• nutritional aberrations etc

Question 30

Host Characteristics that influence disease manifestation are:

Answer 30

Age
Diet
Gender
Lifestyle-smoking, alcohol intake
Immune status
Past medical history

Question 31

Genetic constitution determines manifestation of diseases because

Answer 31

 Anatomic characteristics
 Physiological mechanisms as well as
 Modes of response to injury

Question 32

The spectrum between Hereditary and Environment in the causation of diseases are three namely:
Diseases largely determined by
environmental factors are

Answer 32

Infections

Question 33

Those determined largely by genetic errors(hereditary) and are expressed regardless of extrinsic influences are

Answer 33

Sickle cell diseases

Question 34

In between are those in which there is interplay between genetic and extrinsic factors :

Answer 34

Helicobacter pylori gastric diseases
Cancer

Question 35

Multiple risk factors in gastric cancer:

Answer 35

Hp, EBV
Dietary factors
Exposure to coal, tin mining, steel, iron and rubber
alcohol, cigarette smoking, ionizing radiation