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Block 3 > Introduction to anaemia > Flashcards

Introduction to anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Red blood cell has no nucleus or mitochondria

A

True

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2
Q

Diameter of red blood cell?

A

4um

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3
Q

Shape of red blood cell?

A

Biconcave disc

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4
Q

Red blood cell is filled with?

A

Haemoglobin

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5
Q

Red blood cell produces energy via?

A

Glycolysis under anaerobic conditions

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6
Q

Describe red blood cell reaction to reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A
  • Ferrous in haemoglobin is converted to Ferric -> unable to pick up oxygen
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7
Q

Lipid membrane damage shortens RBC life span

A

True

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8
Q

Function of glutathione

A

Scavenges ROS to protect RBC

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9
Q

Function of erythryopoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone that stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

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10
Q

Erythryopoietin is released by?

A

Kidneys

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11
Q

Erythryopoietin (EPO) is released how?

A

Release stimulated by decreasing oxygen carrying capacity of blood

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12
Q

Define anaemia

A

Reduction in RBC number and haemoglobin concentration of blood

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13
Q

Symptoms of anaemia?

A
  • Tiredness
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Palpitations (i.e. racing heart)
  • Chest pain
  • Postural hypotension (i.e. change in blood pressure when sitting up)
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14
Q

Signs that clue cause anaemia?

A
  • Angular stomatitis, glossitis, and koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) -> iron-deficiency anaemia
  • Jaundice -> haemolytic anaemia
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15
Q

List causes of anaemia

A
  1. decrease production of RBC
  2. Increased loss of RBC
  3. Shortened life span or increased destruction of RBC (haemolytic anaemia)
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16
Q

What could cause decreased production of RBC?

A
  • Nutrient deficiencies: iron, vitamin B12, and folate

- Bone marrow pathology

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17
Q

Possible cause of increased loss of RBC

A

Bleeding

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18
Q

Cause of shortened life span or increased destruction of RBC (haemolytic anaemia)

A
  • Inherited (e.g. thalassemia)

- Acquired (e.g. autoimmune)

19
Q

Describe Lab test for anaemia using haemoglobin (Hb)

A

Measure concentration of Hb in blood [g/L]

20
Q

Describe mean corpuscular volume (MCV) lab test for anaemia

A

Measure average size of RBC [fL]

21
Q

Reduced MCV is when?

A

Microcytic anaemia (<80 fL)

22
Q

Normal MCV is when?

A

Normocytic anaemia

23
Q

Increased MCV is when?

A

Macrocytic anaemia (> 100 fL)

24
Q

Define “blood film”

A

Blood smears dried and stained to view under microscope to find specific morphological findings

25
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Abnormal RBC size

26
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Abnormal RBC shape

27
Q

Hypochromic

A

Pale/white area is >1/3 of cell

28
Q

Hyperchromic

A

Pale/white area is <1/3 of cell

29
Q

Macrocytes

30
Q

Spherocytes

A

Very large, round RBC

31
Q

Reticulocyte count?

A

Count number of reticulocytes in blood film (ID by staining residual RNA blue)

32
Q

Identify Reticulocytes?

A

Immature RBC; residual RNA is stained blue (bluish tinge to cell)

33
Q

Reticulocyte maturation requires?

A

Vitamin B12 and Folate

34
Q

Reticulocyte count reflects?

A

Bone marrow production

35
Q

Diagnosis for microcytic anaemia?

A
  • MCV test (<80 fL)
  • Iron deficiency
  • Inherited Hb abnormality - i.e. Thalassaemia
36
Q

Diagnosis for normocytic anaemia?

A
  • Acute blood loss

- Bone marrow pathology

37
Q

Diagnosis for macrocytic anaemia?

A
  • MCV test (> 100 fL)
  • Vitamin B12 or Folate deficiency
  • Haemolysis
  • Liver disease
38
Q

Blood film showing hypochromic microcytic cells with anisocytosis and poikilocytosis?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

39
Q

Blood film showing macrocytes

A

B12 or folate deficiency

40
Q

Blood film showing spherocytes

A

Haemolysis

41
Q

Blood film showing blast cells (primitive cells)

A

Bone marrow failure

42
Q

Increased reticulocytes means?

A

Increased bone marrow production

  • Acute haemorrhate
  • Reduced RBC life space (haemolysis)
  • Response to replenished iron, Vitamin B12 or folate
43
Q

Decreased reticulocytes means?

A
  • Not enough iron, vitamin B12 or folate

- Bone marrow pathology

Block 3 (9 decks)

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