introduction + sampling design

Question 1

what are statistics?

Answer 1

the collecting and analysing of numerical data to test a sample.

Question 2

what are the 2 types of statistics?

Answer 2

quantitative and categorical

Question 3

what is quantitative statistics?

Answer 3

the measure in quantity, numerical values that represent different magnitudes of variable.

Question 4

what is categorical statistics?

Answer 4

each observation belongs to one set of categories.

Question 5

what do the graphs look like in a categorical set of data?

Answer 5

more ordered than quantitative

Question 6

what do the graphs look like in a quantitative set of results?

Answer 6

dotted around

Question 7

what are the 2 parts of quantitative statistics?

Answer 7

discrete and continuous

Question 8

what is discrete statistics?

Answer 8

values from a set of separate numbers

Question 9

what is continuous statistics?

Answer 9

possible values from an interval

Question 10

what are the 2 parts to quantitative statistics?

Answer 10

nominal and ordinal

Question 11

what is nominal statistics?

Answer 11

the values arranged in groups

Question 12

what is ordinal statistics?

Answer 12

ordered in ranked data

Question 13

what is descriptive statistics?

Answer 13

to describe and understand the property of your data.

Question 14

what does descriptive statistics tell you about?

Answer 14

central tendency (mean, median etc), and the measurement of variability

Question 15

what is inferential statistics?

Answer 15

methods to test research of hypothesis

Question 16

why do you need statistics?

Answer 16

to see trends in data, to check likelihood, to make research quantifiable, verifiable, defensible etc.

Question 17

what do you have to do in a scientific method process?

Answer 17

make an observation, define a question, develop a hypothesis, design an experiment, collect data, analysis of data, develop theory, if reject- go back to designing the experiment.

Question 18

what is an alternative hypothesis?

Answer 18

clearly stated proposition which should be tested and falsifiable

Question 19

what is the null hypothesis?

Answer 19

statement which is accepted or rejected in favour of the alternative

Question 20

what are the aims for study design?

Answer 20

examine how changes in one or more treatments can change. does x affect y etc.

Question 21

what is an experimental study?

Answer 21

manipulation of treatment of interest under controlled conditions, random

Question 22

what is an observational study?

Answer 22

observations of different levels under interest. occurs in the natural sites using natural controls.

Question 23

what do you need more than one treatment or control field?

Answer 23

need for replication, the world is noisy and hence there are lots of other factors which your aren’t controlling.

Question 24

why is random sampling good?

Answer 24

enables you to quantify how much of an effect there is, and how likely it is to be real. its not biased, and the maths behind it is fair

Question 25

what is simple random statistics?

Answer 25

random selection from the total population

Question 26

what is stratified random statistics?

Answer 26

splitting up your population according to treatment, and then randomly selecting within each “strata”

Question 27

what is important about the independence of samples?

Answer 27

no sample should be influenced by another sample.

Question 28

what is pseudoreplication?

Answer 28

when individual samples are heavily dependent on one another.

Question 29

what does pseudoreplication cause?

Answer 29

means that your sample size is smaller than what you think you have.