Introduction portion

Question 1

What is a psychological disorder?

Answer 1

A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms associated with a person showing some degree of stress or fear, the behavior interfering with or limiting one or more important areas of functioning.

Question 2

What are the 5 D’s that help with deciding whether a behavior needs intervention

Answer 2

1. Dangerous
   Harming yourself or others
2. Dysfunctional/maladaptive
   Is it getting in the way of doing something that they should be doing.
   Does it interfere with their day to day life?
   Maladaptive: Something that can be dysfunctional in the future.
3. Deviant
   Is it not what most kids do.
4. Developmentally inappropriate
   It doesn’t match the child’s chronological age.
   Behaviors that are delayed (Examples: talking on time or walking on time)
5. Disruptive
   Is it causing problems in the setting that the child is in?

Question 3

Paradigm

Answer 3

A shared assumption or way of looking at things.

Question 4

What are the principles of developmental psychology?

Answer 4

1. Development means changes over time. Those changes are quantitative or qualitative.
2. There is a common general course.
   Steps are in the same order. The rate can be different but the steps are in the same order.
3. Development is constant and gradual.
   Something is always happening
4. Early development is related to current functioning and current functioning is related to later functioning.
   Current depends are earlier development and later functioning is related to what is happening now.
5. Development is not always positive.
   
   1. Problematic behaviors can change but not in a good way.
6. Children are malleable but there are limits.
7. Development is the results of transactions among biological, psychological, and social variables.

Question 5

What did Bronfenbrenner believe?

Answer 5

Children are developed in an ecology, just like other plants and animals. He believed that family is just a part of the child’s development.

Question 6

What is the microsystem?

Answer 6

Where the child has immediate and direct contact (family, classroom, daycare, etc…)

Question 7

What is the mesosystem?

Answer 7

Two or more microsystems and the connection between them. Examples include the relationship between school and home. For example, if two siblings go to different schools, they have different mesosystems

Question 8

What is the exosystem?

Answer 8

Where the child has indirect contact. Examples include their parent’s workplace or school district decisions.

Question 9

What is the macrosystem (chronosystem)?

Answer 9

Things that happen on a national or global level that affect the child.
2. Chronosystem: The period in time in which a child is growing up. For example. a child growing up during the 70s is different from a child growing up in the 2000s.

Question 10

What is a risk factor?

Answer 10

Conditions or events that make it statistically more likely that a child will have a negative outcome.

Question 11

What are the categories of the risk factors?

Answer 11

1. Constitutional
   Conditions or events that make it statistically more likely that a child will have a negative outcome.
2. Intellectual/academic
   Conditions or events that make it statistically more likely that a child will have a negative outcome.
3. Familial
   A child’s ability to regulate their own emotions. If they are social or immature. Socially awkward. Or other children dislike them for whatever reason.
4. Environmental
   Exo and macro system. Includes injustice or discrimination in a local or national level.
5. Emotional/interpersonal
   A child’s ability to regulate their own emotions. If they are social or immature. Socially awkward. Or other children dislike them for whatever reason.
6. Nonnormative/stressful life events
   It does not happen to all kids. Big bad things that happen but don’t necessarily happen to everyone.
   Examples include home fires, losing a loved one, or natural disasters.

Question 12

The number of risk factors matter. True or false?

Answer 12

True!
The worst time for a child to go through poverty is those first couple of years. This is because they have nutritional needs that have to be met.

Question 13

What are protective factors?

Answer 13

Help protect or buffer us from a risk factor. They don’t get rid of the risk. Their purpose is to lessens the effects of the risk factor.

Question 14

What are the different protective factors?

Answer 14

1. Reduction of risk impact
2. Reduction of negative chain reaction
3. Development self-esteem and self-efficacy
4. Opening of opportunities

Question 15

what is self-efficacy?

Answer 15

To feel confident in being able to take care of yourself and others.

Question 16

What is multifinality?

Answer 16

There is one risk factor that leads to multiple outcomes.
For example, if you grow up in poverty you have run the risk of developing malnutrition, academic failure, and depression.

Question 17

Explain the reduction of risk impact as a protective factor. Give an example.

Answer 17

It includes preparing the child for situations that they might face discrimination with their race, gender, or illness.

Example: Talking to a child about divorce before going forward with a divorce.

Question 18

What is the reduction of a negative chain reaction?

Answer 18

One bad thing happens, which can lead to another bad things happening. You can prevent from other bad things happening after the first event of things happening.

Question 19

What is the opening of new opportunities in being a protective factor?

Answer 19

A change in the child’s environment such as going to a new school or getting a new stepparent.

Question 20

What is equifinality?

Answer 20

To have multiple risk factors that lead to the same outcome.
Example: you could be a child going through poverty, or a stressful event which increases your risk of having depression.

Question 21

A risk factor could be permissive or efficient. True or false?

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Someone can have a strong disposition to a disorder. True or false?

Answer 22

True.