Introduction Organic Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated: Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only Unsaturated : Contains a C=C double bond

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3
Q

what does the molecular formula show?

A

Molecular formula: The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

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4
Q

what does the empirical formula show?

A

Empirical formula: shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

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5
Q

what is the general formula?

A

General formula: algebraic formula for a homologous series e.g. CnH2n

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6
Q

what does the structural formula show?

A

Structural formula shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a
molecule, eg for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3
(CH2
)2CH3
,

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7
Q

what does the displayed formula show?

A

Displayed formula: show all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

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8
Q

what is the shape around a saturated hydrocarbon and what is the bond angle?

A

tetrahedral

109.5

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9
Q

what is a functional group?

A

Functional group is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules
causes them to have similar chemical properties

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10
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional
group and same general formula. •They show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point).
• Each member differs by CH2
from the last.
• same chemical properties.

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11
Q

what are the orders of priority groups, highest first?

A

Carboxylic acids >aldehydes>ketones>alcohols>alkenes>halogenoalkanes

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12
Q

what is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?

A

aldehydes have the C=O at the end whereas ketones have it elsewhere

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13
Q

how is a -OH named on an aldehyde?

A

Aldehydes have a higher priority than alcohol so the –OH
group uses the hydroxy prefix
e.g. 4- hydroxybutanol

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14
Q

how do you reflect 2 ketone groups in the namings? give an example

A

If two ketone groups then di is put before – one and an e is added to the stem.
e.g.
pentane-2,4-dione

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15
Q

what is the name if there are carboxylic acids on both ends of the chain?

A

If there are carboxylic acid groups on both ends of the

chain then it is called a - dioic acid

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16
Q

what are the 2 ways to break a covalent bond?

A
  • homolytic fission

- heterolytic fission

17
Q

define homolytic fission

A

each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond- this forms 2 free radicals
- this is demonstrated using a 1 headed arrow

18
Q

define heterolytic fission

A

one atom gets both electrons- this produces an ion

-this is demonstrated using a double headed arrow

19
Q

define free radical

A

Free radicals do not have a charge and

Definition
A free radical is a reactive species
which possess an unpaired electron

20
Q

what is a structural formula? what are the 3 types they arise from?

A
Structural isomers: same molecular formula different structures (or structural formulae)
Structural isomerism can arise from
•Chain isomerism
•Position isomerism
•Functional group isomerism
21
Q

what is a chain isomer?

A

Chain isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structures of the carbon skeleton

e. g.
- pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2- dimethylpropane

22
Q

what is a position isomer?

A

position isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to
different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

e. g.
- 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane

23
Q

what is a functional group isomer?

A

Functional group isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but with
atoms arranged to give different functional groups

e. g.
- ethanol(alcohol), and methoxymethane(an ether) or cyclohexane and hexene

24
Q

what is sterioisomerism?

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but

have a different spatial arrangement of atoms.

25
why is there E-Z isomerism?
E-Z stereoisomers arise when: (a) There is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond. (b) There are two different groups/atoms attached both ends of the double bond
26
what is a priority group?
Priority Group: The atom with the bigger | atomic number is classed as the priority atom
27
what are the CIP priority rules?
1. Compare the atomic number of the atoms directly attached to each side of the double bond; the atom of higher atomic number is given priority. 2. If the atoms are the same, consider the atoms at distance 2 from the double bond. Make a list of each atom bonded to the one directly attached to the double bond. Arrange list in order of decreasing atomic number. Compare the lists atom by atom; at the earliest difference, the group containing the atom of higher atomic number is given priority
28
what effect does E-Z isomerism have on physical properties?
E-Z isomers can have different boiling points. Z-1,2-dichloroethene Boiling point =60oC This molecule is polar. The polar C-Cl bonds are on the same side of the molecule. One side of the molecule is slightly negative. The intermolecular forces are both van der waals and permanent dipole-dipole attractions. E-1,2-dichloroethene Boiling point =48oC This molecule is non- polar. The polar C-Cl bonds are on opposite sides of the molecule. The dipoles cancel out. The intermolecular forces are only van der waals so lower boiling point.