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Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards exam 1 > Introduction of the Body Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Introduction of the Body Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of structure and form

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2
Q

what does the word Anatomy derive from and what does it mean

A

derived from the word “anatome” meaning to cut a part or dissect

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3
Q

What do anatomists study and and what specifically do they examine

A
  • anatomist study form and structure
  • they specifically examine the relationships among the body parts and the structure of individual organs
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4
Q

Physiology

A

study of function of the body parts

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5
Q

what do physiologists examine

A

-they examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances as well as how the functioning of these organs can be altered via medication or disease

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6
Q

what do anatomists and physiologists use to explain and understanding the workings of the body

A

scientific method

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7
Q

explain the steps of the scientific method

A
  1. examine natural events (or phenomena) through observation
  2. develop a hypothesis (possible explanation) for explaining these phenomena
  3. experiment and test the hypothesis through the collection of data
  4. determine if the data supports the hypothesis or if the hypothesis needs to be rejected or modified
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8
Q

what did early anatomists and physiologists use the scientific method for and types of topics do we use it for today

A

early anatomists and physiologists used the scientific method to explain how blood circulates in the body

today for example we use it to understand how the brain stores memories or how cancer spreads throughout the body

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9
Q

why was anatomy and physiology integrated

A

to show how form and function are interrelated

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10
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

examines structures that cannot be seen by the unaided eye
specimens ( cells or thin slices of body structure) are prepared then are examined under a microscope

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11
Q

what are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy

A

histology and cytology

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12
Q

histology

A

derived from the word (histos) meaning web tissue
study of body tissue

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13
Q

cytology

A

derived from word kytos ( a hallow) cell; logos meaning study
cellular anatomy – study of body cells and their internal structure

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14
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

macroscopic anatomy
investigates the relationship and structures of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye such as the stomach, brain, heart, and kidneys
specimens dissected for examination

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15
Q

what are the subdivisions of gross anatomy

A

systemic anatomy, regional anatomy , surface anatomy, comparative anatomy, and embryology

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16
Q

what is systemic anatomy and give an example

A

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

ex. studying the urinary system involving the kidneys (where urine is formed) and the organs of the urine transport (ureters and urethra) and storage (urinary bladder)

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17
Q

what is regional anatomy and give an example

A

examines all structures in a particular region of the body, as a complete unit

ex. one may study the auxiliary (armpit) region of the body and in doing soon examine blood vessels, (auxiliary artery and vein) nerves ( branches of the brachial plexus) lymph nodes, musculature, connective tissue and skin

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18
Q

what is surface anatomy and give an example

A

focuses on both superficial and anatomic markings and the internal body structures that relate to the skin covering

ex. used for pulse locations— where to perform CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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19
Q

what is comparative anatomy and give an example

A

examines the similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

ex. a comparative anatomy class may examine limb structures in humans, chimps, dogs, and cats

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20
Q

what is embryology

A

derived from the word (embryonic – young one)
the discipline concerned with the developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

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21
Q

what are the specialized branches in anatomy that are focused on the diagnosis of medical conditions or the advancement of basic scientific research

A

pathologic anatomy and radiographic anatomy

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22
Q

what is pathologic anatomy

A

examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease

both gross anatomic changes and microscopic structures are examined

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23
Q

radiographic anatomy

A

investigates the relationships among the internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures, such as sonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or x-ray

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24
Q

what are the specific subdisciplines in physiology that focus their studies on a particular body system

A

cardiovascular physiology, neurophysiology, respiratory physiology reproductive physiology, and pathophysiology

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25
Q

cardiovascular physiology

A

examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

26
Q

what do cardiovascular physiologists examine

A

-examine how the heart pumps blood

-what the parameters are for healthy blood pressure

-details of cellular exchange mechanisms by which respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes move between blood and body structures

27
Q

neurophysiology

A

examines how nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system

28
Q

respiratory physiology

A

studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels

29
Q

reproductive physiology

A

explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell and maturation

30
Q

pathophysiology

A

investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system

31
Q

what is an example of something a pathologist would examine

A

how blood pressure contractile force of the heart and both gas and nutrient exchange may be affected in an individual affiliated with heart disease

32
Q

what are the several distinctive properties that are common to all organisms including humans

A

organization
metabolism
anabolism
catabolism
growth and development
responsiveness
regulation
reproduction

33
Q

organization

A

all organisms exhibit a complex structure and order

34
Q

metabolism

A

-all organisms engage in metabolism (metabole)— change

  • the sum all chemical reactions that occur within the body consists of both anabolism and catabolism
35
Q

anabolism

A

anabole– rising up
small molecules joined to form larger molecules

36
Q

catabolism

A

katabole– casting down

larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

37
Q

what is an example of catabolism

A

use of cellular energy ATP for muscle contraction

38
Q

growth and development

A

during lifetime, organisms assimilate materials from their environment and often exhibit increased size (growth) and increased specialization as related to form and function (development)

39
Q

example of growth and development

A

as the human body grows and develops, the brain becomes more complex and elaborated integrated

40
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to sense and react to stimuli (changes in external and internal environment )
occurs at almost all levels of organization

41
Q

what is an example of (responsiveness)

A

skin interacts with hot temp. human withdraws hand from stimulus to prevent injury or damage

42
Q

regulation

A

organism must be able to adjust internal bodily function in response to environmental changes — homeostasis

43
Q

what is an example of regulation — in the body

A

when body temp. rises more blood is circulated near the body’s surface to facilitate heat loss and return body temp. within normal range

44
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining body structures and function

45
Q

reproduction

A

all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair

somatic body cells divide by process mitosis – sex cells under the right conditions have the ability to develop into a new living organism

46
Q

what are the levels of increasingly complex organization in humans

A

chemical level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
organ system level

47
Q

chemical level

A

simplest level — atoms, molecules, and macromolecules

48
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter

49
Q

molecule

A

when two or more atoms combine ex. sugar, a water molecule, or vitamin

50
Q

macromolecules

A

include some proteins and DNA molecules

for specialized microscopic subunits called organelles

51
Q

organelles

A

complex organized structures in the cytoplasm of a cell with unique characteristic shapes called “little organs”

52
Q

Cellular level

A

composed of cells – smallest living structural and functional unit of a living organism
—formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level

53
Q

tissue level

A

consist of tissues which are a group of similar cells that perform common functions

54
Q

what are the four major tissues

A

epithelia tissue– covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities
connective tissue — protects, supports, and binds structures and organs
muscle tissue— produces movement
nervous tissue —conducts nerve impulses for communication

55
Q

organ level

A

composed of organs; contains 2 or more types of tissue types working together to perform specific complex functions
ex. small intestine composed of 4 types of tissue types working together to process and absorb digested nutrients

56
Q

organ system level

A

contains multiple related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

57
Q

levels of organization in the human body

A

atom – molecule– organelle—cellular level— tissue level– organ level— organ system level

58
Q

organ systems of the human body

A

integumentary system
skeleton system
muscular system
nervous system
endocrine system
respiratory system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
urinary system
digestive system
male reproductive system
female reproductive system

59
Q

what 2 regions are the body partitioned into

A

axial and appendicular region

60
Q

what parts of the body does the axial region include and what does it form

A

head, neck, and trunk

forms main vertical axis of the body

61
Q

appendicular region

A

upper and lower limbs

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards exam 1 (9 decks)

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