chapter 2 Flashcards
what are the major elements of the body
oxygen, carbon, phosphorous, calcium, hydrogen, nitrogen
percentage of major body elements in the body
oxygen - 65.0
carbon- 18.5
hydrogen 9.5
nitrogen-3.0
calcium-1.5
phosphorus-1.0
radioisotopes
excess of neutrons– unstable
alpha and beta particles; gamma rays
physical half life
time for 50% of radioisotopes to become stable
vary from a few hours to thousands of years
biological half life
time required for half of radioactive material from a test to be eliminated from the body
isomer
same formula different arrangement of atoms
glucose vs galactose vs fructose
same molecular formula
6 carbon hydrogen 6oxygen
atoms arranged differently
isomers may have different chemical properties
what are the elements in the human body that form covalent bonds
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
carbon skeleton formation
straight/branched chains or rings
carbon present where lines meet at an angle
additional atoms are hydrogen
intermolecular attraction
weak chemical attraction between molecules
hydrogen bonds
form between polar molecules partially positive hydrogen and partially negative atom
other intermolecular attraction
unequal charges in non-polar molecules
unequal distribution of adjacent atom of another nonpolar molecule
individually weak, strong collectively
hydrophobic interactions
nonpolar molecules placed in polar substance
organic molecules
contain carbon are or were a part of living organism
inorganic molecules
include elements except carbon; ex. salts, acid, bases
phases of water
depends on temperature
gas- low molecular mass
liquid- due to hydrogen bonding
solid- ice
cohesion
attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding
surface tension
inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water
adhesion
attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water
temperature
measure of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules within a substance
specific heat
amount of energy required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius
heat of vaporization
heat required for release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance
water high due to hydrogen bonding
sweat cools body
solvent
dissolves in water
universal solvent
water because most substances dissolve in it
hydrophilic
water loving
hydration shell
when water surrounds substances
dissociate
separate
hydrophobic exclusion
cohesive water molecules force out nonpolar molecules
amphipathic
have polar and non polar regions
proton donor
increases concentration of H+
suspension
material larger in size than 1mm mixed with water
colloid
smaller particles than a suspension, but larger than those in a solution
solution
homogenous mixture of material smaller than 1 nanometer
emulsion
special category of colloid
functional groups
most are polar and able to bond with hydrogen bond
polymers
made of monomers
monomer
repeating subunits
dehydration synthesis
condensation
synthesis of biomolecules
one subunit loses -H another loses -OH
hydrolysis
breakdown of biomolecules
one subunit adds -H another adds -OH
lipids
fatty insoluble in water
cell membrane components, stored energy, hormones
triglycerides steroids phospholipids eicosanoids
triglycerides
3 fatty acids 1 glycerol
long term energy resource
saturated/unsaturated/polyunsaturated fats
polyunsaturated fat
2 or more double bonds
lipogenesis
synthesis of fatty acids from nonlipid precursors.
It is a pathway for metabolism of excess carbohydrate
activated by high carbohydrate availability.
lipolysis
the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.
phospholipids
2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol 1 phosphate group
glycerol has polar phosphate group - hydrophilic head
fatty acid group is nonpolar tails -hydrophobic tail
steroids
4 carbon rings 3 carbon rings have 6 carbons the other has 5 carbons; composed of hydrocarbons; cholesterol
eicosanoids
20-carbon fatty acid
synthesized from arachidonic acid– flammatory response nervous system communication
carbohydrate
an H and OH attached to every carbon (CH2O)
glucose
6 carbon carbohydrate ; supplying energy to cell
glycogen
excess glucose; common in all animals
glycogenesis
excess glucose molecules bonded together (liver)
glycogenolysis
liver hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose as needed
gluconeogenesis
liver form glucose from noncarb sources
hexose monosaccharide examples
glucose and fructose
pentose sugars exs.
ribose/ deoxyribose
disaccharide exs.
sucrose (table sugar), maltose(malt sugar) and lactose (milk sugar)
starch and cellulose are found where
in plants
glycosaminoglycans
large carbohydrates with attached amino group
proteoglycans
GaGs attached to proteins
GaGs and proteoglycans are found where
connective tissue
nucleic acid
store and transfer genetic material
Phosphodiester bonds
what monomers are linked covalently through
nucleotide monomer
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
pyrimidines
single ring – cytosine, uracil, thymine
purines
double ring bases— adenine and guanine
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
release energy when broken
adenine, ribose sugar, and phosphate group
protein functions
synthesis and digestion
structural support Body movement Transport in blood membrane transport via carrier proteins
protection
amino acid
20 different found in living organsims
each has amine and carboxyl group
n-terminal end
free amine group
c-terminal end
free carboxyl group
oligopeptide
3-20 amino acids
glycoproteins
proteins with carbohydrate attached
nonpolar amino acids
contains r group with hydrogen or hydrocarbons
polar amino acids
contains r -group with other elements besides hydrogen and hydrocarbons
charged amino acids
contains r group with negative or positive charge
amino acids with special functions
proline cause bend in protein chain
cytosine can for disulfide bond
methionine first amino during protein synthesis
prosthetic groups
non protein structures covalently bonded to protein
