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Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards exam 1 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major elements of the body

A

oxygen, carbon, phosphorous, calcium, hydrogen, nitrogen

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2
Q

percentage of major body elements in the body

A

oxygen - 65.0
carbon- 18.5
hydrogen 9.5
nitrogen-3.0
calcium-1.5
phosphorus-1.0

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3
Q

radioisotopes

A

excess of neutrons– unstable
alpha and beta particles; gamma rays

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4
Q

physical half life

A

time for 50% of radioisotopes to become stable
vary from a few hours to thousands of years

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5
Q

biological half life

A

time required for half of radioactive material from a test to be eliminated from the body

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6
Q

isomer

A

same formula different arrangement of atoms

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7
Q

glucose vs galactose vs fructose

A

same molecular formula
6 carbon hydrogen 6oxygen
atoms arranged differently
isomers may have different chemical properties

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8
Q

what are the elements in the human body that form covalent bonds

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

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9
Q

carbon skeleton formation

A

straight/branched chains or rings
carbon present where lines meet at an angle
additional atoms are hydrogen

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10
Q

intermolecular attraction

A

weak chemical attraction between molecules

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11
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

form between polar molecules partially positive hydrogen and partially negative atom

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12
Q

other intermolecular attraction

A

unequal charges in non-polar molecules
unequal distribution of adjacent atom of another nonpolar molecule
individually weak, strong collectively

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13
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

nonpolar molecules placed in polar substance

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14
Q

organic molecules

A

contain carbon are or were a part of living organism

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15
Q

inorganic molecules

A

include elements except carbon; ex. salts, acid, bases

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16
Q

phases of water

A

depends on temperature
gas- low molecular mass
liquid- due to hydrogen bonding
solid- ice

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17
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding

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18
Q

surface tension

A

inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water

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19
Q

adhesion

A

attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water

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20
Q

temperature

A

measure of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules within a substance

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21
Q

specific heat

A

amount of energy required to increase temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

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22
Q

heat of vaporization

A

heat required for release of molecules from a liquid phase into a gaseous phase for 1 gram of a substance
water high due to hydrogen bonding
sweat cools body

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23
Q

solvent

A

dissolves in water

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24
Q

universal solvent

A

water because most substances dissolve in it

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25
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

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26
Q

hydration shell

A

when water surrounds substances

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27
Q

dissociate

A

separate

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28
Q

hydrophobic exclusion

A

cohesive water molecules force out nonpolar molecules

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29
Q

amphipathic

A

have polar and non polar regions

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30
Q

proton donor

A

increases concentration of H+

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31
Q

suspension

A

material larger in size than 1mm mixed with water

32
Q

colloid

A

smaller particles than a suspension, but larger than those in a solution

33
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture of material smaller than 1 nanometer

34
Q

emulsion

A

special category of colloid

35
Q

functional groups

A

most are polar and able to bond with hydrogen bond

36
Q

polymers

A

made of monomers

37
Q

monomer

A

repeating subunits

38
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

condensation
synthesis of biomolecules
one subunit loses -H another loses -OH

39
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakdown of biomolecules
one subunit adds -H another adds -OH

40
Q

lipids

A

fatty insoluble in water
cell membrane components, stored energy, hormones
triglycerides steroids phospholipids eicosanoids

41
Q

triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids 1 glycerol
long term energy resource
saturated/unsaturated/polyunsaturated fats

42
Q

polyunsaturated fat

A

2 or more double bonds

43
Q

lipogenesis

A

synthesis of fatty acids from nonlipid precursors.

It is a pathway for metabolism of excess carbohydrate

activated by high carbohydrate availability.

44
Q

lipolysis

A

the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.

45
Q

phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol 1 phosphate group
glycerol has polar phosphate group - hydrophilic head
fatty acid group is nonpolar tails -hydrophobic tail

46
Q

steroids

A

4 carbon rings 3 carbon rings have 6 carbons the other has 5 carbons; composed of hydrocarbons; cholesterol

47
Q

eicosanoids

A

20-carbon fatty acid
synthesized from arachidonic acid– flammatory response nervous system communication

48
Q

carbohydrate

A

an H and OH attached to every carbon (CH2O)

49
Q

glucose

A

6 carbon carbohydrate ; supplying energy to cell

50
Q

glycogen

A

excess glucose; common in all animals

51
Q

glycogenesis

A

excess glucose molecules bonded together (liver)

52
Q

glycogenolysis

A

liver hydrolyzes glycogen into glucose as needed

53
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

liver form glucose from noncarb sources

54
Q

hexose monosaccharide examples

A

glucose and fructose

55
Q

pentose sugars exs.

A

ribose/ deoxyribose

56
Q

disaccharide exs.

A

sucrose (table sugar), maltose(malt sugar) and lactose (milk sugar)

57
Q

starch and cellulose are found where

A

in plants

58
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

large carbohydrates with attached amino group

59
Q

proteoglycans

A

GaGs attached to proteins

60
Q

GaGs and proteoglycans are found where

A

connective tissue

61
Q

nucleic acid

A

store and transfer genetic material

62
Q

Phosphodiester bonds

A

what monomers are linked covalently through

63
Q

nucleotide monomer

A

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

64
Q

pyrimidines

A

single ring – cytosine, uracil, thymine

65
Q

purines

A

double ring bases— adenine and guanine

66
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
release energy when broken
adenine, ribose sugar, and phosphate group

67
Q

protein functions

A

synthesis and digestion
structural support Body movement Transport in blood membrane transport via carrier proteins
protection

68
Q

amino acid

A

20 different found in living organsims
each has amine and carboxyl group

69
Q

n-terminal end

A

free amine group

70
Q

c-terminal end

A

free carboxyl group

71
Q

oligopeptide

A

3-20 amino acids

72
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrate attached

73
Q

nonpolar amino acids

A

contains r group with hydrogen or hydrocarbons

74
Q

polar amino acids

A

contains r -group with other elements besides hydrogen and hydrocarbons

75
Q

charged amino acids

A

contains r group with negative or positive charge

76
Q

amino acids with special functions

A

proline cause bend in protein chain
cytosine can for disulfide bond
methionine first amino during protein synthesis

77
Q

prosthetic groups

A

non protein structures covalently bonded to protein

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards exam 1 (9 decks)

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