introduction/methods

Question 1

t/f kids who find out later than average about santa are shown to have more neg. feelings

Answer 1

true

Question 2

what are the 3 main goals of developmental psych and what do they mean

Answer 2

describe: identify what development looks like at different ages

explain: determine what factors contribute to development

apply: application of findings

Question 3

when studying development what are the 2 main approaches to be aware of

Answer 3

stages/ages and domains of development (changes in physical, cognitive, social/emotional)

Question 4

when approaching development in a domain way, it’s easy/hard to dissentangle one type of development away from another

Answer 4

hard

Question 5

john locke holds a nature/nurture perspective

Answer 5

nurture

Question 6

john jacques rousseau holds a nature/nurture perspective

Answer 6

nature

Question 7

what is the current view with nature/nurture debate (and an example of a factor)

Answer 7

nature and nurture
interplay with each other to influence
development, ex: epigenetics- changes in gene expression NOT caused by DNA

Question 8

what are the 3 mechanisms of change that influence development

Answer 8

Biological processes
* Experiences
* Timing of experiences

Question 9

what was an example mentioned about continuous development

Answer 9

vocabulary growth

Question 10

what was an example mentioned about discontinuous development

Answer 10

our moral development/what we view as good/bad

Question 11

whats a good example of the importance of the timing of our experiences

Answer 11

sensitive periods: such as after age 7 language is a lot more difficult to acquire

Question 12

3 important factors to consider within research methods:

Answer 12

who is studied,
how the data is collected,
the design of research

Question 13

what kind of methods are involved in self/other report (4)

Answer 13

Surveys & questionnaires Interviews
Focus groups
Standardized tests

Question 14

what 2 types of sampling are involved with naturalistic observation (and what are they)

Answer 14

Time-sampling: Record all
behaviours during pre-
determined time periods (ex. every 10 mins)

Event-sampling: Record
behaviour every time
event of interest occurs,
but not other behaviours

Question 15

what’s a possible issue with event-sampling

Answer 15

the need for an operational definition! what constitutes as “bad or helpful behaviour?”

Question 16

what’s an upside for structured observation as opossed to naturalistic

Answer 16

• study a behaviour in a more controlled setting so diff envioronments do not bias the study

Question 17

EEG measures:

Answer 17

electrical activity
in the brain

Question 18

MRI measures: using:

Answer 18

brain structure using magnetic fields

Question 19

fMRI measures: using:

Answer 19

blood flow in the brain using
magnetic fields

Question 20

NIRS measures: using:

Answer 20

blood flow in the brain using light

Question 21

what are the 4 broad ways of gathering data/information

Answer 21

self/other report, naturalistic observation, structured observation, physiological measures

Question 22

what is an ethical concern with structural observation

Answer 22

we are creating a scenario trying to evoke behaviour that is maybe not ethical

Question 23

what generally is a correlational design

Answer 23

Examine/measure relationships between variables without any assignment/manipulation

Question 24

correlation coefficient measures the:

Answer 24

association between 2 variables

Question 25

can we claim that correlation equals causation

Answer 25

no

Question 26

what is a cross-sectional design

Answer 26

different groups of participants at different ages measured at the same time

Question 27

what is a challenge of cross-sectional design

Answer 27

impossible to tell if differences between groups are due to age, or just different cohorts can’t track individuals’ development

Question 28

what is a longitudinal design

Answer 28

same participants measured repeatedly across time at different ages

Question 29

challenged of longitudinal design:

Answer 29

time, cost, drop-outs, generalizability impossible to tell if changes observed between measurements are changes with age, or changes in history

Question 30

Why would experimental designs hold ethical concerns with creating experimental groups

Answer 30

what can you ethically assign the experimental group? ex. how many sodas are you allowed to assign to this group?

Question 31

in terms of the 2 design types used to study age/development, why is random assignment of groups not possible

Answer 31

can't "randomly assign" someone to be a 5yold

Question 32

when studying age/development, what is meant by "measurement equivilance" being an issue

Answer 32

*ex: toddlers: physical aggression is common (biting) * teenagers: cannot measure aggression in the same way (biting). teens more likely to show gossip, exclusion, etc

Question 33

t/f clinical psych has the lowest mean replication score

Answer 33

false. developmental psych does

Question 34

what was the main finding from "the myth of normative development"

Answer 34

Developmental psychology has often been conducted by/on/in a context of Western, White, comparatively wealthy individuals. This is assumed to be the "norm" that other development is compared to

Question 35

what are some limitations within "science" as a way of knowing

Answer 35

* Cannot answer all questions such as religion/good vs evil - can exclude/disregard other ways of knowing - bias of scientists can influence how we approach methods, findings etc

Question 36

what is the basis of the 30mil word gap study? what could have had an effect on this?

Answer 36

children from higher income families, parents were talking to their children much more. children from these fams hearing aprox 30mil. more words most lower-income families were also multi-lingual, which could have had an effect on this

Question 37

___% of our samples are either US, English speaking or European.

Answer 37

90