cog. development/social cognition

Question 1

cognitive development broadly refers to the development of:

Answer 1

thought processes and
mental activity

Question 2

jean piaget rejected both sides of nature/nurture debate and held a ___ viewpoint. meaning:

Answer 2

constructivist.
children construct their
own understanding of
the world

Question 3

according to Piaget, children’s 3 most important processes are:

Answer 3

generating hypothesis, performing experiments and drawing conclusions from their observations

Question 4

according to piaget, equilibration is:

Answer 4

balancing assimilation and accomodation to create stable understanding

Question 5

what are the 4 central tenets of piaget’s theory and what they are

Answer 5

qualitative change: children in different stages think in qualitatively different ways

broad aplicability: the thinking characteristics of each stage influence chlidren’s thinking across diverse topics

brief transitions: before entering a new stage children enter a transformative period where they’re “in betwee” the thinking of the old/new stage

invariant sequence: everyone undergos the stages in the same order/does not skip any

Question 6

piaget viewed the child as a ___

Answer 6

scientist

Question 7

piaget thought children’s understanding was organized by ___

Answer 7

schemas

Question 8

schema assimilation:
schema accomodation:

Answer 8

new information
viewed through existing schemas

schemas are
adapted according to new
experiences

Question 9

what are piaget’s 4 discontinuous stages of development and the ages associated with them

Answer 9

Sensorimotor Stage 0-2 years
Preoperational Stage 2-7 years
Concrete Operations Stage 7-12 years
Formal Operations Stage 12+ years

Question 10

what is the sensorimotor stage and accomplishments associated with it:

Answer 10

infants learn about the world through touching, sucking, looking, reaching, etc.

accomplishments:
adapting to the environment
object permanence (6-10m)

Question 11

related to the sensorimotor stage, not until about age 1 do kids pass the ___ error test

Answer 11

A not B

Question 12

in the last half of the sensorimotor stage, infants begin to repeat other people’s behaviours hours or days after it occurred. this is called ___ ____

Answer 12

deferred imitation

Question 13

what is a gap of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 13

being able to represent the world mentally

Question 14

what are the accomplishments of the preoperational stage (and example from class)

Answer 14

Symbolic representations
* Play * Language * Drawing
ex. pretend play with poppy able to use the banana as a “phone”

Question 15

what are 3 gaps of preoperational stage

Answer 15

• “operations” aka having mental logic
• conservation
  -egocentrism

Question 16

in terms of struggling with conservation tasks, what do children usually resort to using instead of using mental logic

Answer 16

centration (focusing on the perceptual/physical property)

Question 17

what is a commonly run study showcasing egocentrism

Answer 17

three mountains task
- kids didn’t describe the doll’s viewpoint as different from their own

Question 18

3 accomplishments of the concrete operational stage:

Answer 18

-Able to use mental logic to
reason about concrete things
* Conservation
* Egocentrism

Question 19

within conservation, what is decentration

Answer 19

ability to keep track of height, volume, length, number, etc

Question 20

main gap of the concrete operational stage

Answer 20

ability to reason about abstract, hypothetical concepts

Question 21

formal operational stage 2 accomplishments:

Answer 21

Able to use mental logic to
reason about abstract, hypothetical things

Logically examine
evidence and test hypotheses

Question 22

what is meant by piaget’s theory of kids having “natural limits” at a given age

Answer 22

a child who’s in the concrete operational stage, that’s just how they are. not based on outward influences, can’t train kids beyond their natural limits

Question 23

what 2 main criticisms of piaget’s legacy

Answer 23

Underestimates the influence of
others, of culture
Underestimates infants &
children (tested object permanace with language skills needed instead of just looking time)

Question 24

t/f current research suggests object permanence can be obtained within 3-5m

Answer 24

true

Question 25

t/f current research suggests egocentrism develops in line with piaget's age range

Answer 25

false. even some toddlers are shown to overcome egocentrism

Question 26

who is responsible for sociocultural theory

Answer 26

LEV VYGOTSKY

Question 27

vygotsky viewed children as ___ learners

Answer 27

social

Question 28

vygotsky thought children learned from ___ ___ of their culture

Answer 28

capable members

Question 29

what is the zone of proximal development

Answer 29

The range of tasks too difficult to do on your own, but which are possible with the help of a skilled other

Question 30

in terms of learning through social collaboration, what is scaffolding

Answer 30

in which “teachers” adjust the level of support they offer to fit the learner’s needs * Giving help, but not more than is needed

Question 31

sociocultural theorists believe the foundation of human cognitive development is our ability to establish ____. what is this? the heart of this is ___ attention

Answer 31

intersubjectivity: participants in a discussion have to be focused on the same topic, as well as the reactions to what's being communicated joint

Question 32

scaffolding is a form of ____ participation

Answer 32

guided

Question 33

what does vygotsky consider the most important tool for cognitive development

Answer 33

language

Question 34

3 main points of vygotsky's legacy

Answer 34

Emphasis on culture * Role of teaching * Impact in educational settings

Question 35

2 main criticisms of vygotsky's theory

Answer 35

overemphasis of language undervalue role of biology

Question 36

t/f vygotsky and piaget both view children as active learners

Answer 36

true

Question 37

t/f vygotsky and piaget both think children undergo discontinuous change

Answer 37

false. Piaget → discontinuous change, Vygotsky → continuous change

Question 38

t/f piaget thought language was a vital key to learning.

Answer 38

false. vygotsky thought this

Question 39

what is theory of mind and who rooted its foundation

Answer 39

* The ability to think about mental states in ourselves and others; understanding that mental states influence behaviour piaget

Question 40

what are the findings of the false beliefs tasks

Answer 40

younger children answer according to reality, older children answer according to mental states (ex. unexpected transfer task)

Question 41

t/f children 4 and younger fail false belief tasks

Answer 41

false. only 3 and younger

Question 42

what is "theory theory"

Answer 42

as kids develop they change their theories of theories of mind. kids outgrow their naive mental states and minds of others. eventually they realize that people can have false beliefs

Question 43

what is modular theory

Answer 43

theory that everyone has an inate module for thinking about mental states but what changes from age 3-5 is brain maturation. module theory think brain development is what allows kids to conceptualize false beliefs

Question 44

in terms of theory of mind development, what does it mean by "changes in processing" being an issue with not being able to pass the false belief task

Answer 44

children have difficulty with the processing demands of the task. the tasks themselves have too many steps/are too difficult such as the need for verbal responses/future prediction

Question 45

t/f infants can not succeed in non-verbal false belief tasks

Answer 45

false. there is some evidence to contradict this

Question 46

what is the "curse of knowledge" in relation to theory of mind development

Answer 46

Having to temporarily "hide/inhibit" your knowledge of reality

Question 47

what is the main controversy surrounding theory of mind in terms of what is actually causing the change in false beliefs

Answer 47

is it actually children's conceptions of mental states that are changing or it is their verbal ability

Question 48

what group of individuals struggle most with passing the theory of mind test

Answer 48

autistic individuals

Question 49

do individual differences such as #siblings, pretend play, parenting, etc affect ability to clearly think about mental states?

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

t/f scoring higher in theory of mind doesn't influence peer relationships or academic achievement

Answer 50

false

Question 51

t/f getting better at lying may be coorelated with getting better at theory of mind

Answer 51

true

Question 52

t/f the age ranges for getting better at theory of mind and getting better at lying are mostly the same

Answer 52

true

Question 53

explain the experiment run in the ding et al study

Answer 53

3-year-old children asked to not lie in a deception task, but to win they have to lie. then they get put in theory of mind training group or control group.

Question 54

what were the main results of the ding et al finding

Answer 54

once 3 year olds had theory of mind training they were better at lying

Question 55

* why do we reason about social groups/group membership?

Answer 55

may generate a sense of belonging/safety

Question 56

by what age can kids explicitly characterize race, reason about skin colour as stable characteristic

Answer 56

3-4y

Question 57

at ___ old, kids think if they were born with a certain skin colour it will remain stable across development

Answer 57

4 y

Question 58

t/f infants prefer familiar race faces, respond to race as a perceptual category

Answer 58

true

Question 59

in terms of race what does "essentialism" refer to

Answer 59

reasoning about race as a stable and informative feature of identity

Question 60

t/f In dominant racial groups explicit in-group positivity + out-group negativity increase with development

Answer 60

false

Question 61

t/f margilanlized racial groups have generally less in-group positivity

Answer 61

true

Question 62

whats an example of young infants responding to race as a perceptual category

Answer 62

by 3months, babies tend to look longer towards people of their own race

Question 63

what age range does essentialism thinking happen

Answer 63

6-10y

Question 64

children from marginalized groups show essentialist thinking earlier. why?

Answer 64

bc they often deal with prejudice earlier in life

Question 65

what is the implicit association test (IAT)

Answer 65

Measures the strength of association between concept (i.e., race) and attribute (i.e. evaluation, good vs. bad) using response time

Question 66

t/f in marginalized racial groups equal preference for their in-group and for the dominant racial group is showed even with age

Answer 66

true

Question 67

what are the 2 main factors contributing towards our attitudes about race

Answer 67

ingroup bias and social norms of dominance

Question 68

t/f there was a notable implicit ingroup preference between latin/white but none between latin/black

Answer 68

false. other way around

Question 69

the Gonzalez, Steele, & Baron (2017) study aimed to answer what question? what did they do to answer it?

Answer 69

Can children’s implicit biases be reduced through exposure to counter-stereotypical examples? Introduced examples of white, black, or control (flower) and had white/asian children use the IAT

Question 70

what are 2 limitations of the Gonzalez study

Answer 70

they didnt include adults their findings could be due to developmental differences

Question 71

t/f there is a fairly small correlation from the implicit biases of IAT to real world behaviour (showing prejudice etc)

Answer 71

true

Question 72

t/f we would expect both the white child and white adult to have the same level of implicit in-group bias. (as opposed to a white child and black child)

Answer 72

true

Question 73

when discussing implicit bias, dominant racial groups have ___ and non-dominant racial groups have ___

Answer 73

more, less

Question 74

what was the finding pf the minimal group paradigm test (with tshirt colours)

Answer 74

* mere membership in a group can lead us to have in-group preference

Question 75

in the Gonzalez, Steele, & Baron (2017) study were older children able to shift their implicit bias by being exposed to more counter-stereotypical examples. ?

Answer 75

yes

Question 76

two limitations of the Myth of Norm. Development reading

Answer 76

they can't make a proper "control" factor/group because everyone speaks diff languages/has diff ethic backgrounds they use convenience samping