Introduction (Matter, Atom, and Element)

Question 1

atoms as small indestructive units

Answer 1

Democritus

Question 2

atomic theory

Answer 2

John Dalton

Question 3

periodic table

Answer 3

Dmitri Mendeleev

Question 4

theory of electromagnetism

Answer 4

James Maxwell

Question 5

electron as the fundamental unit quantity of electricity

Answer 5

George Stoney

Question 6

invented cathode ray tube; cathode rays have negative charge

Answer 6

William Crookes

Question 7

study of canal rays

Answer 7

Eugene Goldstein

Question 8

X-rays

Answer 8

Wilhelm Roentgen

Question 9

discovery of electron and its charge-to-mass ratio

Answer 9

JJ Thomson

Question 10

alpha, beta, gamma rays in radiation

Answer 10

Ernest Rutherford

Question 11

theory that radioactive particles cause atoms to break down; discovered Po and Ra

Answer 11

Pierre and Marie Curie

Question 12

quantization of light

Answer 12

Max Planck

Question 13

discovered that there is more than one element at each position on periodic table

Answer 13

Frederick Soddy

Question 14

coined the term isotope

Answer 14

Margaret Todd

Question 15

noble gases have stable electron configuration

Answer 15

Richard Abegg

Question 16

theory of relativity and particle nature of light

Answer 16

Albert Einstein

Question 17

device that could detect alpha particles

Answer 17

Johannes Wilhelm Geiger

Question 18

charge of electron thru oil drop experiment

Answer 18

Robert Millikan

Question 19

alpha particle experiment; nucleus is dense, small, and positively-charged (discovery of proton)

Answer 19

Ernest Rutherford

Question 20

number of protons = atomic number

Answer 20

Henry Moseley

Question 21

wave-particle duality

Answer 21

Louis de Broglie

Question 22

describe how quantum state of system changes with time

Answer 22

Erwin Schrödinger

Question 23

discovered electron, proton, and neutron

Answer 23

Thomson, Rutherford, Chadwick

Question 24

discovered Oxygen

Answer 24

Joseph Priestley

Question 25

discovered Hydrogen/protium (H-1)

Answer 25

Henry Cavendish

Question 26

discovered Deuterium (H-2)

Answer 26

Harold Urey

Question 27

discovered Tritium (H-3)

Answer 27

Rutherford, Oliphant, Harteck

Question 28

In the standard model, matter is composed of fermions (quarks and leptons) while bosons are force-carrier. Complete the analogy for neutron, proton, and electron.

Answer 28

• Proton: 2 up, 1 down quark
• Neutron: 1 up, 2 down quark
• Electron: leptons

Question 29

4 other states of matter

Answer 29

• Plasma: heated gas
• Quark-gluon plasma: hot-dense state of matter
• Bose-Einstein condensate: superfluid bosons (low density and temperature)
• Fermionic condensate: superfluid fermionic particles (low density and temperature)

Question 30

discovered radiation/radioactivity

Answer 30

Henry Becquerel

Question 31

discovered Neon

Answer 31

Ramsay & Travers

Question 32

discovered Helium

Answer 32

Ramsay and others (periodic table)

Question 33

Differentiate molar, atomic, formula, and molecular mass?

Answer 33

• Molar: general
• Atomic: element
• Formula: ionic
• Molecular: compound

Question 34

coined the word serendipity (lucky discovery)

Answer 34

Horace Walpole

Question 35

discovered positron

Answer 35

Carl Anderson

Question 36

discovered neutron

Answer 36

James Chadwick

Question 37

discovered neutrino

Answer 37

Wolfgang Pauli

Question 38

discovered quark

Answer 38

Murray Gell-mann and George Zweig