INTRODUCTION IN DISASTER NURSING Flashcards
Chapter 1
“DISASTER” derives from French words
disastre
“DISASTER” old Italian words
Disastro
Greek Pejorative prefix ____ = ______ + _______ = _______
DUS = BAD + ASTER = STAR (Root Words BAD STAR)
“Bad Star” came from astrologist theme in which the ancies used to refer
“to destruction or deconstruction of a star as a disaster”
Acient people believes Disaster is occured due to
“unfavorable position of the planets” or mysteries of nature
a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following:
*human
*material,
*economic and environmental
losses
* and impacts”
DISASTER
ecological disruption, or emergency, of a severity and magnitude that result in deaths, injuries, illness, and property damage that cannot be effectively managed using routine procedures or resources and that require outside assistance.
DISASTER
result of vast ecological breakdown in the relation between humans and their environment, as serious or sudden event on such scale that the stricken community needs extraordinary efforts to cope with outside help or international aid.
DISASTER
They describe DISASTER as “any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.”
WHO
They Define DISASTER as An occurrence such as hurricane, tornado, storm, flood, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, earthquake, drought, blizzard, pestilence, famine, fire, explosion, building collapse, transportation wreck, or other situation that causes human suffering or creates human that the victims cannot alleviate without assistance.”
RED CROSS 1975
They Define DISASTER as “Disaster is a serious disruption triggered by a hazard, causing human, material, economic or (and) environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.”
UNDP (2004)
“Any catastrophic situation in which the normal patterns of life (or ecosystems) have been disrupted and extraordinary, emergency interventions are required to save and preserve human lives and/or the environment.”
“a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.”
DISASTER
characterize disasters by what they do to people—the consequences on health and healthcare and human services.
Healthcare providers
is a catastrophic event that results in casualties that overwhelm the healthcare resources in that community
HEALTH DISASTER
Classification of Disaster that caused by a natural or environmental forces
Natural Disaster
Classification of Disaster that are human generated
Man-Made or Anthropogenic Disaster
They define NATURAL DISASTER as the “result of an ecological disruption or threat that exceeds the adjustment capacity of the affected community” (Lechat, 1979).
WHO
serious disruption triggered by a natural hazard (hydro-metrological, geological or biological in origin) causing human, material, economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of those affected to cope.
“are the consequence of the intersection of a natural hazard and human activity.”
NATURAL DISASTER
Natural hazards can be classified according to their (1)________ (2)________(3)__________ (4)_________
(1) hydro meteorological, (2) geological or (3) biological and (4)climatological origins
Classification: Natural Disaster Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric hydrological or oceanographic nature.
Phenomena / Examples -
Cyclones, typhoons, hurricanes, tornados, Storms, hailstorms, snowstorms, cold spells, heat waves and droughts.
HYDROMETROLOGICAL DISASTER
Classification: Natural Disaster Natural earth processes or phenomena that include processes of endogenous origin or tectonic or exogenous origin such as mass movements, Permafrost, snow avalanches.
Phenomena / Examples - Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity, Mass movements landslides, Surface collapse, geographical fault activities etc.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISASTER
Classification: Natural Disaster Processes of organic organs or those conveyed by biological vectors, including exposure to pathogenic, microorganism, toxins and bioactive substances. Phenomena / Examples - Outbreaks of epidemics Diseases, plant or animal contagion and extensive infestation etc.
BIOLOGICAL DISASTER
Classification: Natural Disaster as events that are brought about by drastic fluctuations of climate states and variabilities.
🠶Natural phenomena like disasters and their weaker counterparts.
Climatological disasters
is the weather conditions that are typical to an area or region.
CLIMATE
Classification: Natural Disaster Violent, sudden and destructive change to the environment related to, produced by, or affecting the earth’s atmosphere, especially the weather-forming processes (Europian Environment Agency, Jan. 2022)
Meteorological disaster
Disaster that which are the principal direct causes are identifiable human actions, deliberate or otherwise. Include biological and biochemical terrorism, chemical spills, radiological (nuclear) events, fire, explosions, transportation accidents, armed conflicts, and acts of war.
Anthropogenic disasters (man-made)-
Human-Generated disasters Divided into three broad categories ___ ____ ____
- complex emergencies,
- technological disasters,
- disasters that are not caused by natural hazards but occur in human settlements
Categories:Human-Generated disasters situations where populations suffer significant casualties as a result of war, civil strife, or other political conflict.
- result of a combination of forces such as drought, famine, disease, and political unrest that displace millions of people from their homes.
COMPLEX HUMAN EMERGENCIES
Categories:Human-Generated disasters that are large numbers of people, property, community infrastructure, and economic welfare are directly and adversely affected by major industrial accidents, unplanned release of nuclear energy, and fires or explosions from hazardous substances such as fuel, chemicals, or nuclear materials
TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER
commonly referred to as NA-TECHs (natural and technological disasters;
Combinations, or synergistic disasters
occurred in Japan (March, 2011) when an earthquake and tsunami caused damage to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor, resulting in wide- scale evacuation, illness, and long-term population displacement (An indirect causality event).
NA - TECH DISASTER
What LEVEL OF DISASTER If the organization, agency, or community is able to contain the event and respond effectively utilizing its own resources.
LEVEL 1
What LEVEL OF DISASTERIf the disaster requires assistance from external sources, but these can be obtained from nearby agencies.
LEVEL 2
What LEVEL OF DISASTER : If the disaster is of a magnitude that exceeds the capacity of the local community or region and requires assistance from state- level or even federal assets.
LEVEL 3
“Phenomena that pose a threat to people, structures, or economic assets and which may cause a disaster.
🠶 They could be either manmade or naturally occurring in our environment.”
HAZARDS
is the condition determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.
VULNERABILITY
is the combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the effects of a disaster. Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such as ‘leadership’ and ‘management.’ Capacity may also be described as capability.
CAPACITY
is the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions
RISK
Risk is conventionally expressed by the equation:
*Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability
Some professionals use the notation:
- Risk = (Hazards x Vulnerability) - Capacity
can be defined as “the adaptation of professional nursing knowledge, skills and attitude in recognizing and meeting the nursing, health and emotional needs of disaster victims.”
DISASTER NURSING
THE GOAL OD DISASTER NURSING
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster.
PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER NURSING
- Rapid assessment of the situation and of nursing care needs.
- Triage and initiation of life-saving measures first.
- The selected use of essential nursing interventions and the elimination of nonessential nursing activities.
- Adaptation of necessary nursing skills to disaster and other emergency situations.
*The nurse must use imagination and resourcefulness in dealing with a lack of supplies, equipment, and personnel. - Evaluation of the environment and the mitigation or
removal of any health hazards. - Prevention of further injury or illness.
- Leadership in coordinating patient triage, care, and
transport during times of crisis. - The teaching, supervision, and utilization of auxiliary
medical personnel and volunteers. - Provision of understanding, compassion, and emotional support to all victims and their families.
PHASES OF DISASTER: It is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual occurrence.
PRE-IMPACT PHASE
is given at the sign of the first possible danger to a community with the aid of weather networks and satellite many meteorological disasters can be predicted.
WARNING
Role of the nurse during this warning phase
To assist in preparing shelters and emergency aid stations and establishing contact with other emergency service group.
PHASES OF DISASTER: It occurs when the disaster actually happens. It is a time of enduring
hardship or injury end of trying to survive.
May last for several minutes. It also continue until the threat of further destruction has passed and
emergency plan is in effect
IMPACT PHASE
PHASES OF DISASTER: Recovery begins during the emergency phase and ends with the return of normal community order and functioning.
POST-IMPACT PHASE
STAGE OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE: during the stage the victims may deny the magnitude of the problem or have not fully registered.
- The victims may appear usually unconcerned.
DENIAL
STAGE OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE: in the second stage, the person is aware of the problem but regards it as overwhelming and unbearable.
STRONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
STAGE OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE: During the third stage, the victim begins to accept the problems caused by the disaster and makes a concentrated effect to solve them.
🠶 It is important for victims to take specific action to help themselves and their families.
ACCEPTANCE
STAGE OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSE: The fourth stage represent a recovery from the crisis
reaction.
🠶 Victims feel that they are back to normal.
🠶 A sense of well-being is restored. Victims develop the realistic
memory of the experience.
RECOVERY
This refers to the real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting the ‘elements at risk’.
DISASTER EVENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT cycle: actual implementation of the disaster
plan.
activities need to be continually monitored and
adjusted to the changing situation.
RESPONSE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT cycle: Once the incident is over, the organization and staff needs to recover.
Invariably, services have been disrupted and it takes time to return to routines.
RECOVERY
DISASTER MANAGEMENT cycle
DISASTER MANAGEMENT cycle: Often this phase of disaster planning and response receives the least attention.
🠶 After a disaster, employees and the community are anxious to return to usual operations.
EVALUATION / DEVELOPMENT
DISASTER MANAGEMENT cycle: These are steps that are taken to lessen the impact of a disaster should one occur and can be considered as prevention and risk reduction measures.
MITIGATION
DISASTER MANAGEMENT cycle: Evaluate the facility’s vulnerabilities or propensity for disasters.
🠶Issues to consider include: weather patterns; geographic location; expectations related to public events and gatherings; age, condition, and location of the facility; and industries in close proximity to the hospital (e.g., nuclear power plant or chemical factory).
PREPAREDNESS / RISK ASSESSMENT
is a multi-sectorial coordination system based on;
🠶 1.daily utilized procedures, managed by skilled personnel in order to maximize the use of existing resources;
🠶 2. provide prompt and adapted
care to the victims;
🠶 3. ensure emergency services and hospital return to routine operations as soon as possible.
MASS CASUALTY MANAGEMENT
is derived from the French word trier,
TRIAGE
“TRIER” means
“to sort out or choose.”
Who was the Chief Surgeon for Napoleon, is credited with organizing the first triage system.
The Baron Dominique Jean Larrey
is a process which places the right patient in the right place at the right time to receive the right level of care”
TRIAGE
AIMS OF TRIAGE
🠶1. To sort patients based on needs for immediate care
🠶2. To recognize futility
🠶3. Medical needs will outstrip the immediately available resources
🠶4. Additional resources will become available given enough time.
is used in a scene of mass casualty, in order to sort patients into those who need critical attention and immediate transport to the hospital and those with less serious injuries.
🠶 This step can be started before
transportation becomes available.
🠶 The categorization of patients based on the severity of their injuries can be aided with the use of printed triage tags or colored flagging.
SIMPLE TRIAGE
is a simple triage system that can be performed by lightly trained lay and emergency personnel in emergencies.
S.T.A.R.T. (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment)
Triage separates the injured into four
groups: The deceased who are beyond help, DISEASED, LOW RISK TO LIVE/
CLASS IV/ 0 / BLACK/ DEAD / EXPECTANT
Triage separates the injured into four
groups: The injured who can be helped by immediate transportation, URGENT, BLEEDING. LIFE THREATENING, HIGH PROBABILITY OF SURVIVAL IF THEY RECEIVED IMMEDIATE CARE. CRITICAL
CLASS 1/ RED / URGENT / IMMEDIATE / EMMERGENT
Triage separates the injured into four
groups: The injured whose transport can be delayed, SERIOUSLY INJURED AND LIFE IS NOT IMMEDIATELY THREATENED. (pt. w/ major illness or injury, open fractured, chest wound)
CLASS 2/ YELLOW / DELAYED
Triage separates the injured into four
groups: - Those with minor injuries, who need help less urgently, ABLE TO WALK, minimal, (pt. w/ sprain, strain)
CLASS 3, GREEN, WALKING WOUNDED / nonurgent
Types of Triage: Doctors may decide that some seriously injured people should not receive advanced care because they are unlikely to survive.
ADVANCED TRIAGE
R = Respiratory rate > 30;
P = Capillary refill > 2 seconds; M = Doesn’t obey commands
RED
R < 30
P < 2 seconds
M = Obeys commands
YELLOW
R = not breathing
BLACK
including risk assessment and multi- disciplinary management strategies at all system levels,
🠶 is critical to the delivery of effective responses to the short, medium, and long-term health needs of a disaster-stricken population.”
DISASTER PREPARATION
