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Basic Human Pathology > Introduction, Health & Disease, Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptions > Flashcards

Introduction, Health & Disease, Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptions Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

the study of the structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease

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2
Q

disease

A

physical or functional disorder of normal body systems that places an individual at increased risk of adverse consequences

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3
Q

etiology

A

disease origin

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4
Q

immediate cause of disease

A

something that directly causes disease (ex: an infection causes pneumonia)

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5
Q

precipitating cause of disease

A

factor that triggers onset of disease (ex: patient aspirates which leads to pneumonia)

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6
Q

predisposing cause

A

something that predisposes you to disease but is not immediate cause (patient has dementia and difficulty swallowing)

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7
Q

morphology

A

gross and microscopic appearance of tissue

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8
Q

pathogenesis

A

series of steps in the development of disease

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9
Q

natural history

A

individual course of a disease from onset of symtoms to recovery or death

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10
Q

clinical manifestations

A

symptoms/observed signs of diseases

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11
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of an illness

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12
Q

prognosis

A

predicted outcome based on natural history of disease, including response to treatment

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13
Q

lesion

A

generic term used for any damaged or abnormal change in tissue, caused by disease or trauma

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14
Q

lesional cells and tissue may provide info on:

A

1) nature of underlying process (diagnosis)
2) degree of deviation from normal (tumor grade)
3) extent of disease (tumor stage)

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15
Q

clinical disease

A

clinical manifestations (signs/symptoms) recognized or demonstrated on clinical exam

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16
Q

subclinical disease

A

disease that showed no signs on a clinical exam

identified on imaging/bloodwork

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17
Q

manifestation of disease

A

presents with functional/structural changes recognized as abnormal

signs/symptoms present

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18
Q

disease can result from: _______________?

A

failure of adaption

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19
Q

failure of adaption results in

A

biochemical, functions;, or structural changes that impact the body

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20
Q

morbidity

A

state of having illness

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21
Q

mortality

A

death

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22
Q

topographic disease classification

A

by body region/system

(GI disease, vascular, abdominal, thoracic)

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23
Q

anatomic disease classification

A

by organ/tissue

(heart, lung liver, etc)

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24
Q

physiological disease classification

A

by function or effect

(metabolic, respiratory, etc)

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25
Q

pathological disease classification

A

by nature of the disease process

(neoplastic, inflammatory)

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26
Q

etiologic disease classification

A

causative agent

(organisms causing certain diseases - pneumonia, meningitis, STDs)

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27
Q

juristic disease classification

A

by speed of the advent of death

(legal circumstances that death occurs, natural vs sudden)

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28
Q

epidemiological disease classification

A

incidence, distribution, and control of disorders within a population

(corona virus epidemic)

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29
Q

statistical disease classification

A

the number of new cases of a specific disease that occurs during a certain period

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30
Q

inherited (familial) disease

A

inherited chromosomal abnormality of one or more parents (dominate or recessive)

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31
Q

autosomal dominant

A

one copy of abnormal gene must be inherited to have disease

(Huntington Disease, Marfan syndrome, Neurofibromatosis Type 1)

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32
Q

autosomal recessive

A

two copies of an abnormal gene must be inherited for disease/trait to be present

(sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs)

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33
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

diseases that occur on sex chromosome

will be expressed if on X gene in males because they only have one X gene

(hemophilia, color blindness, high BP genes)

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34
Q

congenital disease

A

disorder present at birth

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35
Q

causes of congenital disease?

A

genetics/chromosome disorders, maternal risk factors (smoking, diabetes, alcohol, drugs), environmental toxins

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36
Q

toxicity

A

various poisons that cause cell degeneration or cell death

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37
Q

outcome of toxins?

A

depends on the injury, reversibility of damage, importance of injured cell

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38
Q

infectious disease

A

introduced to body pathogenic agents (bacteria, fungus, virus, protozoa)

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39
Q

traumatic disease

A

caused by direct physical injury (accident, head injury, psychological harm)

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40
Q

degenerative disease

A

disease that results from aging or wear and tear

(degenerative joint disease, degenerative disc disease, Alzheimer’s disease)

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41
Q

allergic

A

sensitivity to an antigen

(food, topical, medication)

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42
Q

autoimmune diseae

A

body’s immune system attacks itself

(lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, IBS, psoriasis)

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43
Q

neoplastic disease

A

new abnormal growth of cells forming a tumor (benign or malignant)

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44
Q

benign

A

not cancer

cells grow locally and cannot spread by invasion of metastasis

45
Q

malignant

A

cancer

tumor cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites)

46
Q

nutritional disease

A

dietary intake deficiency/excessive intake caused by disease

(eating disorders, obesity, chronic diseases, deficiencies in vitamins)

47
Q

cachexia

A

extreme weight loss and muscle wasting from not eating

48
Q

metabolic disease

A

abnormal chemical reactions that disrupt certain pathologic processes

(liver, pancreas, diabetes)

49
Q

molecular disease

A

abnormality in/deficiency of a particular molecule

(hemoglobin in sickle cell, molecular product are abnormal)

50
Q

somatoform disease

A

psychological disorder in which patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with medical/neurologic condition

51
Q

psychosomatic disease

A

disease which involves both mind and body

some physical diseases can be made worse by stress/anxiety
patient’s mental state can affect disease at any given time

52
Q

malingering disease

A

exaggerating or faking illness to escape duty/doing work

53
Q

factitious disease

A

mental disorder in which person acts as if they have a physical/mental illness when in fact they have consciously created these symptoms

(Münchausen syndrome)

54
Q

Münchausen syndrome

A

imposed on self

55
Q

Münchausen by proxy

A

imposed on another

56
Q

iatrogenic disease

A

relating to illness caused by medical exam/treatment

not always harmful, can be negligence (infection from dirty instrument)

(side effects from drugs, complications (lymphedema, scar), chemo/radiation)

57
Q

nosocomial/health associated infections (HAIS)

A

infections acquired in the hospital

58
Q

adverse event

A

incident that results in harm to patient

(falls, malnutrition, infection, pressure injury)

59
Q

sentinel event

A

important even that results in patient death, permanent harm/severe temporary harm

(physical/psychological)

60
Q

what results in growth adaptions?

A

increase, decrease, or change in stress

61
Q

what are adaptions?

A

reversible functional and structural responses to change

62
Q

can the cell recover?

A

yes, when the stress is eliminated

63
Q

what is irreversible injury/cell death?

A

when the stress/injury exceeds limits of adaptive resources

64
Q

what is a physiologic state?

A

pregnancy

65
Q

what is pathologic stimuli?

A

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy

66
Q

anlage (adaption)

A

embryonic area capable of forming a structure (the primordium, germ, or bud)

67
Q

agenesis (adaption)

A

complete failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development (absence of primordial tissue)

organ does not develop at all

(renal agenesis, corpus callosum agenesis, dental agenesis)

68
Q

aplasia (adaption)

A

defective development; the failure of an organ or tissue to develop/function properly

organ develops/is present, but cannot be used to full potential

69
Q

hypoplasia (adaption)

A

underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ; an inadequate or below-normal number of cells

(cerebellar hypoplasia, optic nerve hypoplasia, hypoplastic heart syndrome (left & right))

70
Q

atrophy (adaption)

A

acquired decrease in size/wasting away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells

DECREASED CELL SIZE

(Alzheimers, sedentary muscle atrophy)

71
Q

hypertrophy (adaption)

A

the enlargement of an organ/tissue from the increase in SIZE of its cells

INCREASE IN CELL SIZE

(exercise induced muscle hypertrophy, vascular hypertrophy) uterus during pregnancy

*think you want a bigger, shinier trophy

72
Q

hyperplasia (adaption)

A

enlargement of an organ/tissue caused by increase in the REPRODUCTION RATE of its cells, often as initial stage in development of cancer

INCREASE IN CELL NUMBER

(endometrial hyperplasia, benign prostatic hyperplasia)

73
Q

metaplasia (adaption)

A

REPLACEMENT OF ONE TYPE OF CELL FOR ANOTHER (normal maturation process or abnormal stimulus)

often adaption to injury, precursor to cancer

(lung cells in response to smoking –> ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous)

*think at the met gala, they have to get changed into different outfits

74
Q

dysplasia (adaption)

A

abnormal development of cells within tissue or organs
considered pre-cancerous (derranged cell growth); atypical hyperplasia; not true adaptive state

can lead to wide range of conditions that involve enlarged tissue or precancerous cells
(cervical dysplasia, hip dysplasia)

CONSIDERED PRE-MALIGNANT

75
Q

anaplasia (adaption)

A

poor cell differentiation

cells lose morphological characteristics

HALLMARK OF MALIGNANCY

*think when someone has ana (anorexia), they loose their normal features

76
Q

neoplasia (adaption)

A

formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue

tumor (benign/malignant)

Preneoplastic: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

77
Q

hypoxia (cell injury)

A

low oxygen delivery to tissue
prevents cells from performing adequate aerobic oxidative respiration
can be caused by ischemia
important cause of cell injury

*pertains to the oxygen itself

78
Q

ischemia (cell injury)

A

cause of hypoxia

decreased blood flow through an organ

can be caused by:
decreased arterial perfusion
decreased venous drainage
shock (hypotension)

*pertains to the blood itself

79
Q

atherosclerosis (ischemia)

A

decreased arterial perfusion

80
Q

budd-Chiari syndrome (ischemia)

A

decreased hepatic venous drainage/outflow

81
Q

shock (ischemia)

A

generalized hypotension resulting in poor tissue perfusion

82
Q

toxins (cell injury)

A

air pollutants, insecticides, smoke, ethanol, drugs, CO2, innocuous substances

83
Q

infectious agents (cell injury)

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa

84
Q

immunologic reactions (cell injury)

A

immune defense reactions and autoimmune responses

85
Q

genetic abnormalities (cell injury)

A

can result in abnormal functional proteins, errors in metabolism, damaged DNA

86
Q

nutritional imbalances (cell injury)

A

dietary insufficiencies/excessive dietary intake

87
Q

physical agents (cell injury)

A

trauma, extremes in temp, radiation, electric shock, changes in atmosphere

88
Q

aging (cell injury)

A

diminished ability to respond to stress

89
Q

reversible cell injury

A

the deranged function and morphology of injured cells can return to normal if damaging agent removed

90
Q

cellular swelling (morphological change)

A

increased permeability of plasma membrane; H2O enters cell

reversible

may impact entire organ (pallor, increased turgor, increased weight)

91
Q

fatty change (morphological change)

A

triglyceride stored w/in vacuoles in cytoplasm

reversible

liver (lipid metabolism)

92
Q

increased eosinophilia (morphological change)

A

cytoplasm becomes more red; proteins denatured and want to bind to eosin

reversible

93
Q

what are some intracellular changes associated with cell damage

A

(1) plasma membrane alterations (blebbing)
(2) Mitochondrial changes (swelling)
(3) Dilation of the ER with detachment of ribosomes and polysomes
(4) chromatin clumping

94
Q

steatosis

A

triglyceride accumulation within parenchymal cells
usually found in the liver

-liver (fat metabolism)
-alcohol abuse and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (obesity/diabetes)

95
Q

xanthomas

A

when fat builds up in the skin

96
Q

cholesterolosis

A

fat deposits along the inner wall of the gallbladder

97
Q

hyaline change

A

alteration within cells that causes the components to have a homogeneous, glassy, pink appearance

98
Q

when would you see glycogen accumulations

A

in patients with either glucose or gylcogen metabolism abnormalities

99
Q

what are exogenous (external) pigments

A

external pigments such as carbon that accumulate within the cells

100
Q

what are endogenous (internal) pigments

A

internal pigments that accumulate within the cells
lipofuscin, hemosiderin, and melanin

101
Q

lipofuscin

A

endogenous pigment that is a lipid/protein complex indicative of free radical injury

102
Q

hemosiderin

A

yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin (iron)

103
Q

Accumulation of protein

A

Proteinuria, defects in protein folding, transport

104
Q

Proteinuria

A

elevated protein in the urine

105
Q

calcification

A

abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts (w/ small amounts of iron, magnesium, other mineral salts)

dystrophic calcification of necrotic tissue
metastatic calcification of normal tissue

106
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

calcification of necrotic tissue
many layers become psammoma bodies

(atheroma in atherosclerosis)

107
Q

metastatic calcification

A

calcifications of normal tissue

caused by hypercalacemia (excess blood calcium levels)

uncommon, typically found in thyroid

108
Q

necrosis

A

characterized by loss of nucleus

Basic Human Pathology (5 decks)

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