Introduction, Health & Disease, Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptions Flashcards
1
Q
pathology
A
the study of the structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease
2
Q
disease
A
physical or functional disorder of normal body systems that places an individual at increased risk of adverse consequences
3
Q
etiology
A
disease origin
4
Q
immediate cause of disease
A
something that directly causes disease (ex: an infection causes pneumonia)
5
Q
precipitating cause of disease
A
factor that triggers onset of disease (ex: patient aspirates which leads to pneumonia)
6
Q
predisposing cause
A
something that predisposes you to disease but is not immediate cause (patient has dementia and difficulty swallowing)
7
Q
morphology
A
gross and microscopic appearance of tissue
8
Q
pathogenesis
A
series of steps in the development of disease
9
Q
natural history
A
individual course of a disease from onset of symtoms to recovery or death
10
Q
clinical manifestations
A
symptoms/observed signs of diseases
11
Q
diagnosis
A
identification of an illness
12
Q
prognosis
A
predicted outcome based on natural history of disease, including response to treatment
13
Q
lesion
A
generic term used for any damaged or abnormal change in tissue, caused by disease or trauma
14
Q
lesional cells and tissue may provide info on:
A
1) nature of underlying process (diagnosis)
2) degree of deviation from normal (tumor grade)
3) extent of disease (tumor stage)
15
Q
clinical disease
A
clinical manifestations (signs/symptoms) recognized or demonstrated on clinical exam
16
Q
subclinical disease
A
disease that showed no signs on a clinical exam
identified on imaging/bloodwork
17
Q
manifestation of disease
A
presents with functional/structural changes recognized as abnormal
signs/symptoms present
18
Q
disease can result from: _______________?
A
failure of adaption
19
Q
failure of adaption results in
A
biochemical, functions;, or structural changes that impact the body
20
Q
morbidity
A
state of having illness
21
Q
mortality
A
death
22
Q
topographic disease classification
A
by body region/system
(GI disease, vascular, abdominal, thoracic)
23
Q
anatomic disease classification
A
by organ/tissue
(heart, lung liver, etc)
24
Q
physiological disease classification
A
by function or effect
(metabolic, respiratory, etc)
25
pathological disease classification
by nature of the disease process
(neoplastic, inflammatory)
26
etiologic disease classification
causative agent
(organisms causing certain diseases - pneumonia, meningitis, STDs)
27
juristic disease classification
by speed of the advent of death
(legal circumstances that death occurs, natural vs sudden)
28
epidemiological disease classification
incidence, distribution, and control of disorders within a population
(corona virus epidemic)
29
statistical disease classification
the number of new cases of a specific disease that occurs during a certain period
30
inherited (familial) disease
inherited chromosomal abnormality of one or more parents (dominate or recessive)
31
autosomal dominant
one copy of abnormal gene must be inherited to have disease
(Huntington Disease, Marfan syndrome, Neurofibromatosis Type 1)
32
autosomal recessive
two copies of an abnormal gene must be inherited for disease/trait to be present
(sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs)
33
sex-linked inheritance
diseases that occur on sex chromosome
will be expressed if on X gene in males because they only have one X gene
(hemophilia, color blindness, high BP genes)
34
congenital disease
disorder present at birth
35
causes of congenital disease?
genetics/chromosome disorders, maternal risk factors (smoking, diabetes, alcohol, drugs), environmental toxins
36
toxicity
various poisons that cause cell degeneration or cell death
37
outcome of toxins?
depends on the injury, reversibility of damage, importance of injured cell
38
infectious disease
introduced to body pathogenic agents (bacteria, fungus, virus, protozoa)
39
traumatic disease
caused by direct physical injury (accident, head injury, psychological harm)
40
degenerative disease
disease that results from aging or wear and tear
(degenerative joint disease, degenerative disc disease, Alzheimer's disease)
41
allergic
sensitivity to an antigen
(food, topical, medication)
42
autoimmune diseae
body's immune system attacks itself
(lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, IBS, psoriasis)
43
neoplastic disease
new abnormal growth of cells forming a tumor (benign or malignant)
44
benign
not cancer
cells grow locally and cannot spread by invasion of metastasis
45
malignant
cancer
tumor cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites)
46
nutritional disease
dietary intake deficiency/excessive intake caused by disease
(eating disorders, obesity, chronic diseases, deficiencies in vitamins)
47
cachexia
extreme weight loss and muscle wasting from not eating
48
metabolic disease
abnormal chemical reactions that disrupt certain pathologic processes
(liver, pancreas, diabetes)
49
molecular disease
abnormality in/deficiency of a particular molecule
(hemoglobin in sickle cell, molecular product are abnormal)
50
somatoform disease
psychological disorder in which patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with medical/neurologic condition
51
psychosomatic disease
disease which involves both mind and body
some physical diseases can be made worse by stress/anxiety
patient's mental state can affect disease at any given time
52
malingering disease
exaggerating or faking illness to escape duty/doing work
53
factitious disease
mental disorder in which person acts as if they have a physical/mental illness when in fact they have consciously created these symptoms
(Münchausen syndrome)
54
Münchausen syndrome
imposed on self
55
Münchausen by proxy
imposed on another
56
iatrogenic disease
relating to illness caused by medical exam/treatment
not always harmful, can be negligence (infection from dirty instrument)
(side effects from drugs, complications (lymphedema, scar), chemo/radiation)
57
nosocomial/health associated infections (HAIS)
infections acquired in the hospital
58
adverse event
incident that results in harm to patient
(falls, malnutrition, infection, pressure injury)
59
sentinel event
important even that results in patient death, permanent harm/severe temporary harm
(physical/psychological)
60
what results in growth adaptions?
increase, decrease, or change in stress
61
what are adaptions?
reversible functional and structural responses to change
62
can the cell recover?
yes, when the stress is eliminated
63
what is irreversible injury/cell death?
when the stress/injury exceeds limits of adaptive resources
64
what is a physiologic state?
pregnancy
65
what is pathologic stimuli?
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy
66
anlage (adaption)
embryonic area capable of forming a structure (the primordium, germ, or bud)
67
agenesis (adaption)
complete failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development (absence of primordial tissue)
organ does not develop at all
(renal agenesis, corpus callosum agenesis, dental agenesis)
68
aplasia (adaption)
defective development; the failure of an organ or tissue to develop/function properly
organ develops/is present, but cannot be used to full potential
69
hypoplasia (adaption)
underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ; an inadequate or below-normal number of cells
(cerebellar hypoplasia, optic nerve hypoplasia, hypoplastic heart syndrome (left & right))
70
atrophy (adaption)
acquired decrease in size/wasting away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells
DECREASED CELL SIZE
(Alzheimers, sedentary muscle atrophy)
71
hypertrophy (adaption)
the enlargement of an organ/tissue from the increase in SIZE of its cells
INCREASE IN CELL SIZE
(exercise induced muscle hypertrophy, vascular hypertrophy) uterus during pregnancy
*think you want a bigger, shinier trophy
72
hyperplasia (adaption)
enlargement of an organ/tissue caused by increase in the REPRODUCTION RATE of its cells, often as initial stage in development of cancer
INCREASE IN CELL NUMBER
(endometrial hyperplasia, benign prostatic hyperplasia)
73
metaplasia (adaption)
REPLACEMENT OF ONE TYPE OF CELL FOR ANOTHER (normal maturation process or abnormal stimulus)
often adaption to injury, precursor to cancer
(lung cells in response to smoking --> ciliated columnar cells to stratified squamous)
*think at the met gala, they have to get changed into different outfits
74
dysplasia (adaption)
abnormal development of cells within tissue or organs
considered pre-cancerous (derranged cell growth); atypical hyperplasia; not true adaptive state
can lead to wide range of conditions that involve enlarged tissue or precancerous cells
(cervical dysplasia, hip dysplasia)
CONSIDERED PRE-MALIGNANT
75
anaplasia (adaption)
poor cell differentiation
cells lose morphological characteristics
HALLMARK OF MALIGNANCY
*think when someone has ana (anorexia), they loose their normal features
76
neoplasia (adaption)
formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue
tumor (benign/malignant)
Preneoplastic: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
77
hypoxia (cell injury)
low oxygen delivery to tissue
prevents cells from performing adequate aerobic oxidative respiration
can be caused by ischemia
**important cause of cell injury**
*pertains to the oxygen itself
78
ischemia (cell injury)
cause of hypoxia
decreased blood flow through an organ
can be caused by:
decreased arterial perfusion
decreased venous drainage
shock (hypotension)
*pertains to the blood itself
79
atherosclerosis (ischemia)
decreased arterial perfusion
80
budd-Chiari syndrome (ischemia)
decreased hepatic venous drainage/outflow
81
shock (ischemia)
generalized hypotension resulting in poor tissue perfusion
82
toxins (cell injury)
air pollutants, insecticides, smoke, ethanol, drugs, CO2, innocuous substances
83
infectious agents (cell injury)
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa
84
immunologic reactions (cell injury)
immune defense reactions and autoimmune responses
85
genetic abnormalities (cell injury)
can result in abnormal functional proteins, errors in metabolism, damaged DNA
86
nutritional imbalances (cell injury)
dietary insufficiencies/excessive dietary intake
87
physical agents (cell injury)
trauma, extremes in temp, radiation, electric shock, changes in atmosphere
88
aging (cell injury)
diminished ability to respond to stress
89
reversible cell injury
the deranged function and morphology of injured cells can return to normal if damaging agent removed
90
cellular swelling (morphological change)
increased permeability of plasma membrane; H2O enters cell
reversible
may impact entire organ (pallor, increased turgor, increased weight)
91
fatty change (morphological change)
triglyceride stored w/in vacuoles in cytoplasm
reversible
liver (lipid metabolism)
92
increased eosinophilia (morphological change)
cytoplasm becomes more red; proteins denatured and want to bind to eosin
reversible
93
what are some intracellular changes associated with cell damage
(1) plasma membrane alterations (blebbing)
(2) Mitochondrial changes (swelling)
(3) Dilation of the ER with detachment of ribosomes and polysomes
(4) chromatin clumping
94
steatosis
triglyceride accumulation within parenchymal cells
usually found in the liver
-liver (fat metabolism)
-alcohol abuse and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (obesity/diabetes)
95
xanthomas
when fat builds up in the skin
96
cholesterolosis
fat deposits along the inner wall of the gallbladder
97
hyaline change
alteration within cells that causes the components to have a homogeneous, glassy, pink appearance
98
when would you see glycogen accumulations
in patients with either glucose or gylcogen metabolism abnormalities
99
what are exogenous (external) pigments
external pigments such as carbon that accumulate within the cells
100
what are endogenous (internal) pigments
internal pigments that accumulate within the cells
lipofuscin, hemosiderin, and melanin
101
lipofuscin
endogenous pigment that is a lipid/protein complex indicative of free radical injury
102
hemosiderin
yellow-brown pigment derived from hemoglobin (iron)
103
Accumulation of protein
Proteinuria, defects in protein folding, transport
104
Proteinuria
elevated protein in the urine
105
calcification
abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts (w/ small amounts of iron, magnesium, other mineral salts)
dystrophic calcification of necrotic tissue
metastatic calcification of normal tissue
106
dystrophic calcification
calcification of necrotic tissue
many layers become psammoma bodies
(atheroma in atherosclerosis)
107
metastatic calcification
calcifications of normal tissue
caused by hypercalacemia (excess blood calcium levels)
uncommon, typically found in thyroid
108
necrosis
characterized by loss of nucleus
