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Basic Human Pathology > CH 4: Hemodynamic Disorders > Flashcards

CH 4: Hemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

define hemostasis

A

blood clotting at the site of an injury

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2
Q

define edema

A

accumulation of fluids in the tissues

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3
Q

define effusions

A

accumulation of fluids in cavities

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4
Q

what are the two main conditions that cause an increase in hydrostatic pressure and therefore edema

A

deep vein thrombosis
congestive heart failure

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5
Q

peau d-orange breast cancer

A

blockage of subareolar lymphatics due to cancer
causes the breast to appear like an orange

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6
Q

what are the three most common sites for edema

A

subcutaneous tissues
lungs
brain

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7
Q

what is non-pitting (dependent) edema

A

accumulation of protein rich fluid

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8
Q

what is pitting edema

A

accumulation of protein poor fluid

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9
Q

what are interlobular septal markings in a lung indicative of

A

edemic change
likely excess fluid in the lymphatics that present with severe pulmonary edema

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10
Q

define hydrothorax

A

effusion in pleural cavity

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11
Q

define hemothorax

A

effusion in pleaural cavity containing blood

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12
Q

define hydropericardium or pericardial effusion

A

effusion in pericardium

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13
Q

define hemopericardium

A

effusion into the pericardium containing blood

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14
Q

define hydroperitoneum

A

effusion into the peritoneal cavity (ascites)

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15
Q

define hemoperitoneum

A

effusion into the peritoneal cavity containing blood

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16
Q

what is hyperemia

A

arteriolar dilation causes increased blood flow
tissue appears red due to engorgement of oxygenated blood (erythema)

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17
Q

what is congestion

A

impaired outflow of venous blood from tissue
tissue spreads a blue-red color (cyanosis) due to deoxygenated hemoglobin

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18
Q

“nutmeg liver”

A

chronic passive congestion of the liver
shows central congestion with hemorrhagic necrosis

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19
Q

what are the three required things for each step in the coagulation cascade

A

enzyme
substrate
cofactor

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20
Q

Coumadin

A

anticoagulant

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21
Q

vitamin K

A

cofactor

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22
Q

disorders of primary hemostasis affect what

A

platelets

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23
Q

what is affected in disorders of secondary hemostasis

A

clotting factors

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24
Q

what are the two vWF deficiency disorders

A

von Willebrand disease
Bernard-soulier syndrome

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25
what are three factors that affect platelet adhesion
platelet changes shape from disc to spike platelet releases granular contents platelet aggregate
26
mutations in which clotting factor lead to hemophilia A
CF 8
27
what does the prothrombin time (PT) test do
coagulation test that assess factors 2, 5, 7, 10, and fibrinogen
28
what does the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test do
coagulation test that assess factors 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and fibrinogen
29
define hematoma
extravasated blood creates palpable mass of blood
30
what is henoch-schonlein purpura
deposition of circulating immune complexes within vessels small blood vessels in your body become inflamed and bleed
31
what is factor 5 leiden
most common inherited hypercoagulability disorder protein C resistance and mutation in single nucleotide
32
what is prothrombin gene mutation
second most common inherited hypercoagulative disorder elevated prothrombin levels due to G nucleotide substitution for A increases risk of venous emboli
33
what is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) syndrome
adverse drug reaction caused by emergence of antibodies that activate platelets unfractionated heparin is given PF4 is released and binds to the heparin this complex causes release of IgG which then binds to this complex new complex binds to Fc receptor and platelet which causes it to be removed
34
what is anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome
immune system mistakenly attacks proteins in the blood
35
what are lines of Zahn
grossly apparent laminations of thrombi caused by platelet and fibrin layers alternating with darker red-cell rich layers
36
what are arterial (white) thrombi
usually occlusive caused by endothelial injury which leads to platelet activation clot is under endothelial cells clot has lots of fibrin and platelets
37
what are venous (red) thrombi
not usually occlusive (completely blocking the vessel) form long cast that is prone to give rise to emboli have more enmeshed (tangled) red cells usually occur in lower extremities
38
what’s the main difference between a post and pre-mortem thrombus
a pre-mortem thrombus will be tightly adherent to the vessel wall
39
what is a mural thrombus
a thrombus that occurs in the heart chambers or in the aortic lumen in heart: caused by abnormal heart contraction or heart injury in aorta: caused by atherosclerotic plaques and dilation
40
what are vegetations
thrombi on heart valves
41
what is infective endocarditis
bacterial or fungal bloodborne infections cause valve damage leads to development of large thrombotic masses vegetations (thrombi on heart valves) are surrounded by bacteria and platelet/fibrin layers
42
what is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
sterile vegetations that develop on noninfected valves in hypercoagulable states
43
what is propagation of a thrombus
when an older thrombus enlarges through the accumulation of additional platelets and fibrin bigger size increases chances for vascular occlusion or embolization
44
what is embolization of a thrombus
part of all of the thrombus is dislodged and transported elewhere in the vasculature
45
what is dissolution/resolution of a thrombi
newly formed thrombi activates fibrinolytic factors that cause it to rapdily shrink and breakdown older thrombi are more resistant to dissolving
46
what is recanalization of a thrombus
the body makes channels within the thrombus to reestablish the continuity of the original lumen
47
what are three endovascular interventions
clot busting drugs angioplasty inferior vena cava filter
48
what is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
widespread thrombosis within the microcirculation that may be of sudden or insidious onset platelets and coagulation proteins are consumed which leads to excessive clotting and bleeding that may co-exsist
49
define embolus
detached intravascular mass carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site
50
what are solid thrombi made of
cholesterol, atherosclerotic debris, or tumor
51
what are liquid thrombi made of
fat droplets or bone marrow
52
what are gaseous thrombi made of
air/nitrogen
53
what does systemic embolization lead to
ischemic necrosis of downstream tissues
54
what does pulmonary embolization lead to
hypoxia, hypotension, and right sided heart failure
55
what is a pulmonary thromboembolism
pulmonary embolus that originates from a deep vein thrombus and travels through the right side of the heart before arresting in the lungs kills about 100,000 people each year in the US
56
what is a saddle embolus
embolic occlusion at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery
57
what is a fat embolus
fat thrombus caused by injury, fractures, or resuscitation typically presents with restlessness and trouble breathing
58
what is an amniotic fluid embolism
a rupture of the amniotic membrane causes amniotic fluid to get into the maternal circulation leads to shock and neurologic defects 80% mortality rate
59
what is an air embolism
gas bubbles within the circulation ex. during laparoscopic procedures or scuba divers
60
what is decompression illness
caused by intra or extravascular bubbles that are formed as a result of reduction in environmental pressure
61
what is caisson disease
persistence of gas emboli in the skeletal system leads to ischemic necrosis typically found in the femoral heads, tibia, and humeri
62
what is infarction
area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affect tissue typically occurs in the heart or brain
63
what is a red (hemorrhagic) infarct
caused by a venous occlusion blood collects in infarcted zone ex. testicular torsion
64
what is a white (anemic) infarct
arterial occlusion in solid organs with end-arterial circulations (heart, spleen, and kidney)
65
what is the typical shape and location of an infarct
wedge shaped with the occluded vessels being at the apex and the organ periphery
66
what causes cardiogenic shock
low cardiac output as a result of myocardial pump failure
67
what causes septic shock
triggered by microbial infections and is associated with severe systemic inflammatory response (SIRS)

Basic Human Pathology (5 decks)

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