CH 3: Inflammation & Repair Flashcards by Katarina S

what is the main purpose of inflammation

to eliminate offending agents

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are two main causes of inflammation

foreign bodies (exogenous and endogenous material)

immune reactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 5 steps of inflammation

recognition
recruitment
removal
regulation
repair

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are neutrophils

aka polymorphonuclear (PMN)
found mostly in bacterial and fungal infections
have potent hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are lymphocytes

B and T cells
involved in blood and lymph infections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are basophils

found mainly with chronic inflammation
have histamine and heparin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are eosinophils

often elevated in allergies, parasitic infections, and cancer
contain basic proteins, peroxidase, and histamine
inactivate mast cell mediators and destroy pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are monocytes

often associated with viral infections
precursor for macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do mast cells do

release granules like histamine that cause inflammation
reside outisde of bloodstream

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are macrophages

involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the main cell type in accute inflammation

neutrophils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the main cell types in chronic inflammation

monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the 5 signs of acute inflammation

pain (dolor)
swelling (tumor)
redness (rubor)
heat (calor)
loss of function (function lasesa)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what happens in the blood vessels during acute inflammation

vasodilation due to histamine
increased bloodflow which leads to heat and redness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define exudate

escaped fluid/proteins from vessels into interstitial tissue/body cavities due to inflammation
fluid contains lots of proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define transudate

escaped fluid
fluid contains low protein and no cell material
caused by diseases that cause change in hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define effusion

abnormal collection of fluid in hollow spaces or between tissues of the body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define anasarca

extreme generalized edema (all over the body)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define purulent exudate

aka pus
the debris of dead cells
lots of leukocytes and microbes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define lymphangitis

inflammation of lymphatics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define lymphadenitis

inflammation of lymph nodes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define lymphadenopathy

enlarged lymph nodes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is margination

when cells move from the center of flow to the periphery to get out during acute inflammation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is rolling

when leukocytes pass over selectin speed bumps and bind

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are selectins

they mediate the loose attachment of leukocytes and cause them to roll onto the endothelium (little pegs sticking up into the vessel)

what are integrins

mediate the firm attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium

what are cytokines and how do they work in the inflammation response

chemical cell signaling proteins promote the expression of selectins and integrin and promote directional migration of leukocytes

define leukocyte adhesion deficiency

rare inherited immunodeficiency where immune cells don’t bind to blood vessel wall meaning they cannot reach site of inflammation

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

inherited defects in phagolysosome function

what is serous inflammation

cell-poor fluid in spaces created by injury to surface epithelia or into body cavities ex. skin blister

what is fibrinous inflammation

fibrinous (lots of fibrin) exudate develops due to large vascular leaks seen mostly in the lining of the meninges and pericardium

what is purulent (suppurative) inflammation

inflammation with an exudate consisting of neutrophils can be abscesses

what is empyema

intrapleural fibrinosuppurative (pus) reaction usually develops from spread of bacterial or fungal infections of the lung parenchyma

what are ulcers

local defects caused by shedding of necrotic tissue from surface

what are the three different outcomes of acute inflammation

complete resolution healing by scarring progression of response to chronic inflammation

what is chronic inflammation

response of prolonged duration in which inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexsist

what do plasma cells do in chronic inflammation

produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

what do macrophages do in chronic inflammation

secrete cytokines and growth factors destroy foreign invaders and tissues activate other cells in the immune response like T lymphocytes

what are kupffer cells

liver macrophages

what are microglia

CNS macrophages

what are osteoclasts

bone macrophages that break down old or damaged bone cells

explain classically activated macrophages (M1)

induced by cytokines and microbial products (TLR ligands and IFN-y) produces free radicals and ROS up regulates lysosomal enzymes pro-inflammation and phagocytosis

explain alternatively activated macrophages (M2)

initiated by IL-13 and IL-4 cytokines important in tissue repair, fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory effects

what are the two types of granulomatous inflammation

foreign body and infectious

what is a foreign body granuloma

form around a foreign object or material like sutures

what is an infectious granuloma

granuloma of TB case central zone of caseous necrosis surrounded by Langhan’s giant cells

what is a histiocyte

tissue-resident macrophage

what is a tubercle

granuloma in TB case made of langhan’s giant cells

what is a gumma

microscopic or gross visible lesion in syphilis

what are the two tissue repair processes

regeneration and formation of connective and scar tissue

explain regeneration in regards to tissue repair

residual, uninjured cells proliferate tissue stem cells mature

explain the formation of connective and scar tissue in regards to tissue repair

connective tissue is deposited when tissue cannot regenerate this forms a scar

how does infection affect tissue repair

prolongs inflammation

how does diabetes affect tissue repair

compromises repair and prevents wounds from healing

how does nutrition affect tissue repair

nutritional deficiencies inhibit collagen synthesis

how do glucocorticoids affect tissue repair

anti-inflammatory effect may weaken scars

define dehiscence

splitting of a wound

what are arterial ulcers

atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries which leads to PVD (peripheral vascular disease)

what are keloids

enlarged scars

define cicatrix

another term for scar/keloid