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Basic Human Pathology > CH 3: Inflammation & Repair > Flashcards

CH 3: Inflammation & Repair Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main purpose of inflammation

A

to eliminate offending agents

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2
Q

what are two main causes of inflammation

A

foreign bodies (exogenous and endogenous material)

immune reactions

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3
Q

what are the 5 steps of inflammation

A

recognition
recruitment
removal
regulation
repair

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4
Q

what are neutrophils

A

aka polymorphonuclear (PMN)
found mostly in bacterial and fungal infections
have potent hydrolytic enzymes

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5
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

B and T cells
involved in blood and lymph infections

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6
Q

what are basophils

A

found mainly with chronic inflammation
have histamine and heparin

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7
Q

what are eosinophils

A

often elevated in allergies, parasitic infections, and cancer
contain basic proteins, peroxidase, and histamine
inactivate mast cell mediators and destroy pathogens

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8
Q

what are monocytes

A

often associated with viral infections
precursor for macrophages

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9
Q

what do mast cells do

A

release granules like histamine that cause inflammation
reside outisde of bloodstream

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10
Q

what are macrophages

A

involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens

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11
Q

what is the main cell type in accute inflammation

A

neutrophils

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12
Q

what are the main cell types in chronic inflammation

A

monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

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13
Q

what are the 5 signs of acute inflammation

A

pain (dolor)
swelling (tumor)
redness (rubor)
heat (calor)
loss of function (function lasesa)

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14
Q

what happens in the blood vessels during acute inflammation

A

vasodilation due to histamine
increased bloodflow which leads to heat and redness

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15
Q

define exudate

A

escaped fluid/proteins from vessels into interstitial tissue/body cavities due to inflammation
fluid contains lots of proteins

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16
Q

define transudate

A

escaped fluid
fluid contains low protein and no cell material
caused by diseases that cause change in hydrostatic pressure

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17
Q

define effusion

A

abnormal collection of fluid in hollow spaces or between tissues of the body

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18
Q

define anasarca

A

extreme generalized edema (all over the body)

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19
Q

define purulent exudate

A

aka pus
the debris of dead cells
lots of leukocytes and microbes

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20
Q

define lymphangitis

A

inflammation of lymphatics

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21
Q

define lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of lymph nodes

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22
Q

define lymphadenopathy

A

enlarged lymph nodes

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23
Q

what is margination

A

when cells move from the center of flow to the periphery to get out during acute inflammation

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24
Q

what is rolling

A

when leukocytes pass over selectin speed bumps and bind

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25
Q

what are selectins

A

they mediate the loose attachment of leukocytes and cause them to roll onto the endothelium
(little pegs sticking up into the vessel)

26
Q

what are integrins

A

mediate the firm attachment of leukocytes to the endothelium

27
Q

what are cytokines and how do they work in the inflammation response

A

chemical cell signaling proteins
promote the expression of selectins and integrin and promote directional migration of leukocytes

28
Q

define leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

rare inherited immunodeficiency where immune cells don’t bind to blood vessel wall meaning they cannot reach site of inflammation

29
Q

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

A

inherited defects in phagolysosome function

30
Q

what is serous inflammation

A

cell-poor fluid in spaces created by injury to surface epithelia or into body cavities
ex. skin blister

31
Q

what is fibrinous inflammation

A

fibrinous (lots of fibrin) exudate develops due to large vascular leaks
seen mostly in the lining of the meninges and pericardium

32
Q

what is purulent (suppurative) inflammation

A

inflammation with an exudate consisting of neutrophils
can be abscesses

33
Q

what is empyema

A

intrapleural fibrinosuppurative (pus) reaction
usually develops from spread of bacterial or fungal infections of the lung parenchyma

34
Q

what are ulcers

A

local defects caused by shedding of necrotic tissue from surface

35
Q

what are the three different outcomes of acute inflammation

A

complete resolution
healing by scarring
progression of response to chronic inflammation

36
Q

what is chronic inflammation

A

response of prolonged duration in which inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexsist

37
Q

what do plasma cells do in chronic inflammation

A

produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

38
Q

what do macrophages do in chronic inflammation

A

secrete cytokines and growth factors
destroy foreign invaders and tissues
activate other cells in the immune response like T lymphocytes

39
Q

what are kupffer cells

A

liver macrophages

40
Q

what are microglia

A

CNS macrophages

41
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

bone macrophages that break down old or damaged bone cells

42
Q

explain classically activated macrophages (M1)

A

induced by cytokines and microbial products (TLR ligands and IFN-y)
produces free radicals and ROS
up regulates lysosomal enzymes
pro-inflammation and phagocytosis

43
Q

explain alternatively activated macrophages (M2)

A

initiated by IL-13 and IL-4 cytokines
important in tissue repair, fibrosis, and anti-inflammatory effects

44
Q

what are the two types of granulomatous inflammation

A

foreign body and infectious

45
Q

what is a foreign body granuloma

A

form around a foreign object or material like sutures

46
Q

what is an infectious granuloma

A

granuloma of TB case
central zone of caseous necrosis
surrounded by Langhan’s giant cells

47
Q

what is a histiocyte

A

tissue-resident macrophage

48
Q

what is a tubercle

A

granuloma in TB case
made of langhan’s giant cells

49
Q

what is a gumma

A

microscopic or gross visible lesion in syphilis

50
Q

what are the two tissue repair processes

A

regeneration and formation of connective and scar tissue

51
Q

explain regeneration in regards to tissue repair

A

residual, uninjured cells proliferate
tissue stem cells mature

52
Q

explain the formation of connective and scar tissue in regards to tissue repair

A

connective tissue is deposited when tissue cannot regenerate
this forms a scar

53
Q

how does infection affect tissue repair

A

prolongs inflammation

54
Q

how does diabetes affect tissue repair

A

compromises repair and prevents wounds from healing

55
Q

how does nutrition affect tissue repair

A

nutritional deficiencies inhibit collagen synthesis

56
Q

how do glucocorticoids affect tissue repair

A

anti-inflammatory effect may weaken scars

57
Q

define dehiscence

A

splitting of a wound

58
Q

what are arterial ulcers

A

atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries which leads to PVD (peripheral vascular disease)

59
Q

what are keloids

A

enlarged scars

60
Q

define cicatrix

A

another term for scar/keloid

Basic Human Pathology (5 decks)

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