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12. Year 2: Urinary System > Introduction Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Introduction Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system composed of?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

What are some functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
  • Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin-angiotensin mechanism)
  • Helps to stabilise the pH
  • Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides)
  • Produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow
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3
Q

By what mechanism does the urinary system regulate plasma electrolyte and blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

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4
Q

By what processes does the urinary system remove metabolic waste from blood?

A

Filtration and excretion

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5
Q

What are some examples of small molecules that the urinary system reabsorbs?

A

Amino acids

Glucose

Peptides

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6
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

Stimulat of RBC production by bone marrow

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7
Q

Are the kidneys retro or intraperitoneal structures?

A

Retroperitoneal

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8
Q

Between what spinal levels do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

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9
Q

Do the kidneys lie level to each other? If not, why is this?

A

Right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney due to liver

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10
Q

Are the kidneys fully or partially peritonised?

A

Partially peritonised

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11
Q

What are some of the anterior relations of each kidney?

A
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12
Q

What are some of the posterior relations of each kidney?

A
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13
Q

What nerves run posterior accross each kidney?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

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14
Q

Describe the structures surrounding the actual kidney from superficial to deep?

A
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15
Q

What is A?

A

Cortex

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16
Q

What is B?

A

Medulla

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17
Q

What ic C?

A

Pyramid (10-18)

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18
Q

What is D?

A

Papilla

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19
Q

What is E?

A

Minor calyx

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20
Q

What is F?

A

Major calyx

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21
Q

What is G?

A

Pelvis

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22
Q

What is H?

A

Ureter

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23
Q

What is I?

A

Renal lobe

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24
Q

What is the arrangement of the artery, vein and pelvis from anterior to posterior of the kidney?

A

Vein, artery then pelvis (remember VAP)

25
What does the renal arteries branch from?
Abdominal aorta
26
What do the renal arteries branch into?
* Segmental branches (x5) * Interlobar * Arcuate * Branches pass around the circumference * Interlobular * Branches which ultimately supply each nephrone * So is non-anastomosing
27
What do the renal veins drain into?
Inferior vena cava
28
What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?
Lateral aortic lymph nodes
29
What is the plexus called that innervates the kidneys?
Renal plexus
30
What supplies the renal plexus?
* Sympathetic T10-L1 * Sensory afferent T11-L2
31
What is the urinary bladder composed of?
* Median umbilical ligament * Embryonic urachus * Two medial umbilical folds * Occluded umbilical artery * Two lateral umbilical folds * Inferior epigastric vessels
32
What embryological structure forms the median umbilical ligament?
Embryonic urachus
33
How is the bladder peritonised?
34
What are the different parts of the male urethra?
Intramural Prostatic Intermediate Spongy
35
Describe the nervous innervation of the bladder?
36
What part of the male urethra recieves the ejaculatory duct?
Prostatic urethra
37
What is the medical term for the action of urinating?
Micturition
38
What is the functional unit of the urinary system?
Nephron
39
What is the uriniferous tubule composed of?
Nephron and collecting duct
40
What is the nephron composed of?
Renal corpuscles and renal tubules
41
What is the renal corpuscles composed of?
Glomerulus and bowmen's capsule
42
What is A?
Kidney - cortex
43
What is B?
Kidney - medulla
44
What is C?
Ureter
45
What is D?
Bladder
46
What is the class of the epithelium in the collecting tubules of the kidneys?
Cuboidal
47
What is the class of the loop of Henle epithelium in the kidney medulla?
Squamous epithelium
48
What is the class of the ureter epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
49
How is the lumen of the ureters shaped?
Star shaped
50
What muscles are in the wall of the ureters?
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle Outer circular smooth muscle
51
What is the classification of epithelium in the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
52
What muscles are in the wall of the bladder?
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle Middle circular smooth muscle Outer longitudinal smooth muscle
53
What are some common diseases of the urinary system?
* Urinary tract infection (UTI) * Glomerulonephritis * Kidney stone/renal calculi * Kidney failure and dialysis * Urinary incontinence * Common after childbirth/old age/in female
54
What does UTI stand for?
Urinary tract infection
55
What are some important markers of kidney disease?
* High protein (albumin) levels in urine * Proteinuria * Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) * Increased level of serum creatinine/urea
56
What is the medical term for high protein in urine?
Proteinuria
57
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular filtration rate
58
What are some common congenital abnormalities of the urinary system?
Aberrant renal arteries Horseshoe kidney Pelvic kidney Unilateral double kidney

12. Year 2: Urinary System (29 decks)

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