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Urinary System > Introduction, Gross Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Introduction, Gross Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What plane does the hilum of the kidneys lie on?

A

Transpyloric

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2
Q

What is the transpyloric plane a surface marking for?

A 
Pylorus of stomach
Neck of pancreas
2nd part of duodenum, duodenojejunal flexure
Hilum of kidneys 
Origin of portal vein
Start of superior mesenteric artery
Termination of spinal cord 
Midway between jugular notch and pubic symphysis
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3
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane?

A

L1 vertebral level, crosses tip of 9th costal cartilage

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4
Q

What is the function of the fascial coverings of the kidney?

A

Afford the kidneys with protection

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5
Q

What are the components of the fascial coverings of the kidney?

A

Renal fascia, perinephric and pararenal fat

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6
Q

What does the renal fascia surround?

A

The kidneys and suprarenal glands

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7
Q

Where does the pararenal fat lie?

A

Outside of the renal fascia

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8
Q

What does the renal capsule cover?

A

The outside of the kidneys

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9
Q

What are the anterior relations of right the kidney?

A 
Suprarenal gland
Liver
Duodenum
Colon
Jejunum
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10
Q

What are the anterior relations of the left kidney?

A 
Suprarenal gland
Spleen 
Stomach
Pancreas 
Left colonic flexure
Small bowel
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11
Q

What are the posterior relations of the kidneys?

A

Diaphragm
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum

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12
Q

How do the kidneys move with respiration?

A

Move down with inspiration and up with expiration

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13
Q

Is the kidney retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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14
Q

What is the basic histology of the renal cortex?

A

Renal corpuscles
Proximal convoluted tubes - cuboidal and microvilli
Distal convoluted tubules - cuboidal
Collecting tubule - cuboidal

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15
Q

What is the basic histology of the renal medullar?

A

Proximal convoluted tubules
Distal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle - thin segment, squamous epithelium
Collecting tubule

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16
Q

What is the basic histology of the ureter?

A 
Transitional epithelium 
Star-shaped lumen
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle 
Outer circular smooth muscle
Stops back flow of urine
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17
Q

What is the basic histology of the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium
Inner longitudinal smooth muscle
Middle circular smooth muscle
Outer longitudinal smooth muscle

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18
Q

What is the vertebral level of the kidneys?

A

T12-L3

The right kidney lies slightly lower than the left due to the liver

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19
Q

What are the renal arteries branches of?

A

The abdominal aorta

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20
Q

What are the segmental arteries branches of?

A

The renal arteries

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21
Q

What are the five branches of the segmental arteries?

A 
Superior
Inferior
Anterior superior
Anterior inferior
Posterior
22
Q

Where do the arcuate branches pass?

A

Around the circumference of the kidneys

23
Q

What branches supply each nephron?

A

Interlobular

24
Q

Where do the renal veins drain?

A

Into inferior vena cava

25
Q

Where is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

Via the lateral aortic lymph nodes

26
Q

What is the nerve supply of the kidney?

A

Renal plexus
Sympathetic T10-L2
Sensory afferent T10-T12

27
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

28
Q

What are the components of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscles and renal tubules

29
Q

What component of the nephron contains the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?

A

Renal corpuscles

30
Q

What are the components of the urinifeous tubule?

A

Nephron and collecting duct

31
Q

Where does unfiltrated blood enter the nephron?

A

Through afferent arterioles

32
Q

How is purified blood returned to the system?

A

Via the renal veins

33
Q

In how many places are the ureters constricted?

A

3

34
Q

What are the places of constriction of the ureters?

A

First - origin, where the ureter passes over the inferior renal pole

Second - pelvic brim, where the ureter crosses over the external iliac vessels

Third - vesico-ureteric junction, where the ureter traverses the bladder wall

(there may also be a possible constriction where the ureter passes behind the testicular or ovarian veins)

35
Q

What arteries supply the ureters?

A

Renal
Ovarian/testicular
Abdominal aorta

36
Q

Where is the venous drainage of the ureters to?

A

Renal and ovarian/testicular veins

37
Q

What surface of the bladder is peritonised?

A

Superior surface only

38
Q

What arteries supply the urinary bladder?

A

Branches of internal iliac artery

39
Q

What is the venous drainage of the urinary bladder?

A

Drainage into the internal iliac veins

40
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the urinary bladder?

A

Suprapubic part drains into external iliac lymph nodes

Infrapubic part drains into internal iliac lymph nodes

41
Q

What is the nerve supply to the urinary bladder?

A

Sympathetic T11-L2
Parasympathetic S2-S4
Afferent sensory from parasympathetic
Somatic - pudendal nerve

42
Q

What is the length of the female urethra?

A

About 4cm

43
Q

What are the features of the female urethra?

A

Females don’t have an internal urethral sphincter but do have the external urethral sphincter

44
Q

What are the parts of the male urethra?

A

Preprostatic/intramural
Prostatic
Intermediate membranous
Spongy/penile

45
Q

What is the widest part of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic

46
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

A

Membranous

47
Q

What is the longest part of the male urethra?

A

Spongy

48
Q

What are the features of the male urethra?

A

Involuntary

  • internal urethral sphincter
  • smooth muscle
  • constricted by sympathetic nerves

Voluntary

  • external urethral sphincter
  • skeletal muscle
  • somatic innervation
49
Q

What are the features of the prostatic urethra?

A

Ejaculatory duct opens into the prostatic urethra
Vas deferens and seminal vesicle join together to form ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens carries sperm from testes
Prostatic opening in prostatic urethra

50
Q

Which nerves constrict the detrusor muscle during micturition?

A

Parasympathetic nerves

51
Q

Which nerves constrict the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic nerves

52
Q

What is the vertebral level of the transpyloric plane?

A

T12/L1

Urinary System (22 decks)

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