Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oncology > Introduction: Cancer Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Introduction: Cancer Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Epigenetics

A

Changes in gene expression that occult WITHOUT altering the DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

-Rapid proliferation rate
-Number of cells increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

-Increase in size (bigger size)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metaplasia

A

-Conversion of mature normal cells to a different distinct mature cell
-Change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Normal cell to immature abnormal cell
-Disordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the transition from normal state to cancer?

A

1) Normal
2) Hyperplasia
3) Dysplasia
4) Cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four main carcinogenesis phases during neoplastic development?

A
  • Initiation (Carcinogen/UV)
  • Promotion (Tumor promoter/UV)
  • Progression
  • Metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens during the initation phase of neoplastic development?

A

Irreversible genetic mutation in stem cell/progenitor cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens during the Promotion phase of neoplastic development?

A
  • Clonal expansion of initiated cells within generalized hyperplasia
  • Outgrowth of pre-malignant tumors = papillomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during the Progression phase of neoplastic development?

A

Malignant conversion to invasive carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Chemical carcinogens are linked to specific cancers

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the mechanism of carcinogenic hormones or pharmaceutical agents?

A

-Irreversible DNA damage (mutagenic; initiation)
-Promoting agent leading to cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism of biologic agent?

A

There are viral proteins that are going to interact with certain genes that are going to be your tumor suppressor genes and your oncogenes. The combined effect will lead to this uncontrolled self-growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are cancer’s seven warning signs?

A
  • Change in bowel or bladder habits
  • **A sore that does not heal
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge**
  • Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
  • Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
  • Obvious change in want or mole
  • Nagging cough or hoarseness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are cancer’s warning signs in children?

A
  • **Continued, unexplained weight loss
  • Headaches with vomiting in the morning**
  • Lump or mass in abdomen, neck, or elsewhere
  • Development of a whitish appearance in the pupil of the eye
  • Recurrent fevers not caused by infections
  • Excessive bruising or bleeding
  • **Noticeable paleness or prolonged tiredness
  • SOB**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is used to describe the cancer and its progression?

A

Grading and staging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gleason’s Pattern

A
  • Grading describes how the cancer look compared to normal, healthy cells
    -How fast cancer grows (proliferation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Staging

A

Refers to size and spread of the cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the exceptions in the naming system of tumors?

A
  • Lymphoma - malignant tumor from lymphocyte
  • Mesothelioma - malignant tumor from the mesothelium
  • Seminoma - malignant germ cell tumor
20
Q

What is the prefix of fat?

A

Lipo

21
Q

What is the prefix of fibrous tissue?

A

Fib

22
Q

What is the prefix of cartilage?

A

Chondro

23
Q

What is the prefix of blood vessel?

A

Hemangio

24
Q

What is the prefix of smooth muscle?

A

Leiomyo

25
Q

What is the prefix of striated muscle?

A

Rhabdomyo

26
Q

What is the prefix of gland?

A

Adeno

27
Q

How is cancer classified?

A
  • By type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological type)
  • By the primary site, or the location in the body where the cancer first developed
28
Q

What are the 7 major categories of histological type?

A
  • Carcinoma
  • Sarcoma
  • Myeloma
  • Blastoma
  • Leukemia
  • Lymphoma
  • Mixed Types
29
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelium origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body

30
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, and fat

31
Q

Myeloma

A

Cancer that originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow

32
Q

Blastoma

A

Cancers derived from immature “precursor” cells or embryonic tissue

33
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancers of the bone marrow

34
Q

Lymphoma

A

Solid cancers that develop in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system

35
Q

Mixed Types

A

Cancers with histological features of at least two different types of cancer

36
Q

What are the two staging systems used to communicate the extent and severity?

A

TNM staging and overall stage grouping

37
Q

TNM staging system

A
  • Tumor: size and extent of the main tumor
  • Nodal status: the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer
  • Metastasis: whether the cancer has metastasized
38
Q

T/F: The Overall Grouping system is more detailed than the TNM system

A

F; less detailed

39
Q

Germline genetic variant

A
  • Genetic variants present in egg or sperm
  • Can be inherited
  • All cells carry the variant
  • Can influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs (e.g., cell uptake, metabolism or elimination)
40
Q

Somatic genetic variant

A
  • Occurs in non-germline tissues
  • Not inherited - only tumor carries the variant
  • Require comparing somatic tissue to germline
  • Can be linked to prognosis or drug resistance
41
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases

A

Ligand binding creates signals for cell growth and differentiation

42
Q

Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases

A

Transduce signals involved in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival

43
Q

Serine/threonine kinases

A

Involved in organism development, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, differentiation, cells survival, and apoptosis

44
Q

GTPase signaling

A

Play role in signal transduction and cell division

45
Q

What is the protein function in tumor suppressor genes?

A
  • Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to DNA damage
  • Protein phosphatase
  • Inhibitors of growth-promoting signal transduction
  • Ubiquitin ligase; protein stability
  • Regulator of the cell cycle (master brake)
  • Involve in cell adhesion and migration
  • DNA repair
46
Q

T/F: Multiple mutations are required to inactivate tumor suppressor genes

A

T

47
Q

Knudson Hypothesis

A

Cancer is the result of accumulated mutations to a cell’s DNA
* Not all mutations drive cancer or provide growth advantage

Oncology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions