Introduction+ Brain+ Eye Flashcards
3 main type of research methods
Descriptive research studies
Correlational research
Experimental research
Descriptive research method
To detect behaviour exist naturally
Study patterns that cannot be ethically manipulated.
No all peopel cuz need predict
Case study: intensive in-depth investigation to a topic/ family/ person.
Use various source
Survey
A structured set of questions related to their experience.
Different formats: paper/ telephone, internet
Can gather info from a large group of ppl
Correlational research (相關研究）
Study how strong variables are related
Outcome:
Positive: two variables go in same direction
Negative: variables go in different direction
Range from -1 to 1
Disadvantage: ambiguous interpretation 解釋模棱兩可
Experiemental research
To study casual relationship
Independant variable: controlled
Dependant variable: not controlled& want
Extraneous variable= factors that not focused but may affect result
2 groups needed. Experimental vs control group
Placebo effect
E.g. fake drug given to control group
Advantage:
Reveal casual relationship clearly
Disadvantage: not all variable can be manipulated
Perspectives of psycho
Psychodynamic心理動力學
Sigmund Freud
Motivation are inner force
Behaviourist approach
Bf skinner
Reaction to psychoanalysis
Focus on
1.stimuli
2.behavioural response
3.consequences
Humanistic approach
Carl Roger
Motivator= natural tendency to grow & self-actualize
Cognitive approach
Jean Piaget
Behavior is based on thinking
Mental process:
1.attention
2.thinking
3.memory
4.understanding
Biological approach
Social phenomenon can be explained in biochemical process.
Behavioural neuroscience: sensation, learning
Cognitive neuroscience: memory, decision making
Evolutionary approach
Charles Darwin
Mental abilities & behaviour=evolutionary product
Sociocultural approach
Cross-cultural difference
Comparison in domains e.g. self concept, emotional expression
Positive psychology
Martin Seligman
Building positive qualities
Adaptive, creative
Strengths & limitation of various approaches
Important of experience
Domain x approach (x領域）
Emotion is related to individual’s value and preferences
Dendron vs axon
Dendron transfer nerve impulse to the soma
Axon transfer nerve impulse from the soma
ANS
1.Receive message from heart, intestine and other organ and send command to them.
1.Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight response
- Parasympatheic nervous system
Energy conservation, nonemergency fuction
Brain structure
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Hindbrain-medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum.
Medulla oblongata+ pons- alertness, attention
Cerebellum- control balance and coordination of movement
Hypothalamas
Thalamas
Pituitary glands
Thalamas: gather information from sensory systems and send to cerebral cortex
Hypothalamas-feeding, drinking, sex acitivities
Pituitary glands- produce growth hormone
Hippocampus
Grey matter, white matter
Consolidate short-term memory to long term memory
Navigation
Grey matter- soma
White matter- axon
4 lobes
Occipital lobe
1. Closely connect to thalamas
2. Related to vision
Parietal lobe
1. Somato-sensory cortex
Process touch sensation+ information from receptors
Temporal lobe
1.Process hearing information
2.Process movement perception& recognition of face
3.Emotional& motivational behavior
Frontal lobe: primary motor cortex
Primary motor cortex- execution of movement
Prefrontal corte-sensory info, work memory, short term memory
Structure of eyeball
Cornea:
First layer of eye, round shape, transparent
Lens
Transparent
Soft tissue
Accommodation
Rentina
Neural layer at the back absorbing light
Fovea:
Centre spot of retina, most sharp
Cone & rod
Cone: Colour, day light
Rod: better at night, b&w
Visual pathway
Ventral stream: object detection—to temporal lobe
Dorsal stream: location detection—parietal lobe
