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Respiratory block > Introduction and Anatomy of Respiratory system > Flashcards

Introduction and Anatomy of Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system ?

A

Gas exchnage - O2 added to blood, CO2 removed
Acid base balance- regulation of body pH
Protection from infection
Communication via speech

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2
Q

Why is gas exchange important ?

A

needed to produce energy by using O2 and disposing of CO2 (waste product)

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3
Q

What is the respiratory system important for ?

A

Getting O2 into the body and CO2 out

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4
Q

Why is the integration of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems important ?

A

Allow the ability of tissues to transform fuel stored as chemical energy to physical energy
Deliver fuel to activate cells within tissues and remove waste products

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5
Q

What links the respiratory and cardiovascular systems ?

A

Gas exchange

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6
Q

What is cellular/ internal respiration ?

A

Biochemical process that releases energy from glucose

Latter requires O2 and depends on : external respiration

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7
Q

What is external respiration ?

A

Movement of gases between the air and the cells via both respiratory and cardiovascular systems

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8
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation ?

A

Delivers CO2 to lungs

Collects O2 from lungs

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9
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary artery carry and where does it travel ?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart

only artery that carries deoxygenated blood

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10
Q

What kind of blood does the pulmonary vein carry and where does it travel ?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the heart

only vein that carries oxygenated blood

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11
Q

What is the systemic circulation ?

A

Delivers O2 to peripheral tissues

Collects CO2 as waste

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12
Q

What change occurs between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems when energy demand is increased by working muscles ?

A

Respiratory- increased rate and depth of breathing
speeds up: substrate (O2) acquisition
waste disposal (CO2)

cardiovascular- increased heart rate and force of contraction
speeds up: substrate delivery to muscle via blood
waste removal via blood

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13
Q

What is the movement of O2 during gas exchange ?

A

O2 moves from inspired air to blood at the lungs

O2 moves from blood to cells at systemic capillaries

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14
Q

What is the movement of CO2 during gas exchange ?

A

CO2 moves from blood to air which is expired at lungs

CO2 moves from cells to blood at systemic capillaries

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15
Q

What is the relationship to the Net volume of gas exchanged in lungs per unit time and the Net volume exchanged in the tissues ?

A

Equal

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16
Q

what is the net volume of gas exchanged in the lungs ?

A

O2- 250ml/min

CO2- 200ml/min

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17
Q

What is the purpose of having equal volumes of gas exchanged between the lungs and tissues ?

A

Prevent gas build up in the circulation which would hamper has exchnage and helps to ensure that supply = demand

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18
Q

What is normal respiratory rate ?

A

12-18 breaths/min at rest

can reach 40-45 at max. when exercising

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19
Q

What is the function of the nose ?

A

Where air enters, cilia and mucus traps particles and warms and moistens the air

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20
Q

What is the pharynx ?

A

Air moves down into pharynx or throat

shared with digestive system

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21
Q

What is the Epiglottis ?

A

Small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering when swallowing

22
Q

What is the larynx ?

A

Contains the vocal chords

Vibrates to produce sound

23
Q

What is the function of the trachea ?

A

Moves air from the pharynx towards the lungs

24
Q

What is the trachea composed of ?

A

Rings of cartilage to support and protect the trachea

25
Q

What is the bronchus ?

A

Where air moves from the trachea then bifurcates (sternal angle) into left and right bronchi, which lead into the lungs

26
Q

What are lungs ?

A

Main organ of respiration

soft and spongy texture due to hollow sacs

27
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have ?

A

3

28
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have ?

A

2

29
Q

What fissure divides the superior and middle lobes of the right lung ?

A

Horizontal fissure

30
Q

What fissure divides the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung ?

A

Oblique fissure

31
Q

What fissure divides the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung ?

A

Oblique fissure

32
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory system ?

A

Nose
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx

33
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory system ?

A

Trachea
Left and right main bronchus
Left and right lungs
Diaphragm

34
Q

Where do the lungs sit ?

A

Pleural cavity

35
Q

How many times does each bronchus branch ?

A

22 times, then terminating into a cluster of alveoli

36
Q

Which primary bronchi is wider ?

A

Right

37
Q

What maintains patency (open) of airways ?

A

C- shaped rings of cartilage

38
Q

What doesn’t contain cartilage ?

A

Bronchioles

39
Q

How is patency of bronchioles maintained ?

A

By physical forces in the thorax

40
Q

What happens to diameter as we go down the respiratory tree ?

A

Diameter decreases

41
Q

Where is there the greatest resistance to airflow in the respiratory tree ?

A

Conducting zone
(trachea, primary bronchi, smaller bronchi)
contains more molecules
branching increases surface area

42
Q

Where does air in the conducting zone sit ?

A

Dead space

can’t participate in gas exchange

43
Q

What can alter airway diameter and therefore resistance to air flow ?

A

Activity of bronchiole smooth muscle

44
Q

What is the effect of contraction and relaxation on resistance ?

A

contraction- decreases diameter = increases resistance

relaxation- increases diameter = decreases resistance

45
Q

What are the function of alveoli ?

A

Gas exchange

46
Q

what surround each cluster of alveoli ?

A

Network of capillaries- allows gas exchange between respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Elastic fibres- allow inflation during inspiration, release stretch energy during expiration

47
Q

What are type I cells ?

A

Site of gas exchange
make up bulk of wall
always adjacent to capillaries

48
Q

What are type II cells ?

A

secrete surfactant
not involved in gas exchnage
lie adjacent to elastic fibres

49
Q

What are alveolar macrophages ?

A

Sit between alveoli and ingest foreign material

50
Q

What is the surface area of alveoli ?

A

80m2

very thin

51
Q

Where is gas exchange only possible ?

A

Alveoli due to the very thin surface

The walls of the upper airways are too thick for gases to diffuse

52
Q

What is the function of the upper airways ?

A

Conduction of air to and from alveoli (air in these airways is known as anatomical dead space as it can’t participate in gas exchange)

Respiratory block (38 decks)

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