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Respiratory block > Blood supply, Gas exchange and lung pathologies affecting diffusion > Flashcards

Blood supply, Gas exchange and lung pathologies affecting diffusion Flashcards

1
Q

What does the bronchial circulation supply ?

A

Supplies oxygenated blood via bronchial arteries arising from systemic circulation to lung tissues

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2
Q

What % does bronchial circulation comprise of left heart output ?

A

2%

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3
Q

What vessel drains blood to left atrium ?

A

Pulmonary vein

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4
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation consist of ?

A

L and R pulmonary arteries

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5
Q

Where do the left and right pulmonary arteries arise from ?

A

Right ventricle

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6
Q

What does the left and right pulmonary arteries carry ?

A

Entire cardiac output from RV

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7
Q

What does the pulmonary artery supply ?

A

Dense capillary network surrounding the alveoli

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8
Q

Where does the blood return to after supplying the capillary network surrounding alveoli ?

A

Oxygenated blood is returned to left atrium via pulmonary vein

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9
Q

How is the pulmonary circulation described ?

A

High flow, low pressure system

25/10mmHg

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10
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in alveoli ?

A

100mmHg (13.3kPa)

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11
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli ?

A

40mmHg (5.3kPa)

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12
Q

What do partial pressures in the systemic venous blood reflect ?

A

What’s happening in our peripheral tissues

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13
Q

What do partial pressures in systemic arterial blood reflect ?

A

What’s happening in our alveoli

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14
Q

What does A stand for ?

A

Alveolar

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15
Q

What does a stand for ?

A

Arterial blood

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16
Q

What does ṽ stand for ?

A

Mixed venous blood (e.g. pulmonary artery)

17
Q

What are the values of PAO2 and PACO2 ?

A

Alveolar PO2- 100mmHg (13.3kPa)

Alveolar PCO2- 40mmHg (5.3kPa)

18
Q

What are the values of PaO2 and PaCO2 ?

A

Arterial PO2- 100mmHg (13.3kPa)

Arterial PCO2- 40mmHg (5.3kPa)

19
Q

What are the values of PṽO2 and PṽCO2 ?

A

Venous PO2- 40mmHg (5.3kPa)

Venous CO2- 46mmHg (6.2kPa)

20
Q

How does the air diffuse across the membranes between the alveoli and the blood circulation ?

A

Diffusion across the partial pressure gradient

21
Q

What is the rate of diffusion across the membrane directly proportional to ?

A

The gas partial pressure gradient

Gas solubility

The available surface area

22
Q

What is the rate of diffusion across the membrane inversely proportional to ?

A

The thickness of the membrane

23
Q

When is the rate of diffusion across the membrane most rapid ?

A

Over small distances

23
Q

What does gas need to be in, in order to be able to diffuse across the alveolar membrane ?

A

Gas needs to be in solution

24
Q

What are the solubilities of O2 and CO2 ?

A

O2- not very soluble

CO2- very soluble so van diffuse much faster

25
Q

What gas (CO2 or O2) has the greatest pressure gradient ?

A

O2

26
Q

Describe the overall rates of equilibrium of CO2 and O2 ?

A

Similar because of the greater pressure gradient for O2

27
Q

How has the anatomy of the lung adapted to maximise gas exchange ?

A

Large surface area
Minimum diffusion distance
Thin cell membranes (type I alveolar cells, capillary)

28
Q

What happens to the surface area of alveoli in emphysema ?

A

Reduced surface area

29
Q

What are the features of fibrotic lung disease ?

A

Thickened alveolar membranes slows gas exchange
Loss of lung compliance (decrease) may decrease alveolar ventilation, increase in effort of inspiration
Decrease in PO2
increase in PCO2

30
Q

What are the features of pulmonary oedema ?

A

Fluid in interstitial space increases diffusion distance
Arterial pCO2 may remain normal due to higher solubility in water
Impact on PO2 in blood

31
Q

What are features of Asthma ?

A

Increased airway resistance decreases airway ventilation because bronchioles are constricted

32
Q

What are the features of emphysema ?

A 
loss of surface area 
Major impact on diffusion
Increase in compliance, increase in effort of expiration
Decrease in PO2
Increase in PCO2

Respiratory block (38 decks)

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