Introduction and Anatomy of Lungs Airways and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange Acid base balance - regulation of body pH (7.4 average pH) Protection of infection Communication via speech

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2
Q

Why is gas exchange essential?

A

Oxygen is essential for releasing energy Removing carbon dioxide, the waste product.

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3
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for?

A

Transporting oxygen to tissues Transporting carbon dioxide away from tissue

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4
Q

What is meant by external respiration?

A

Movement of gases between the air and the bodies cells

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5
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery take blood? (Only artery that takes deoxygenated blood)

A

Away from the heart

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6
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein take blood? (Only vein that takes oxygenated blood)

A

Towards the heart

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7
Q

How does pulmonary circulation differ from systemic circulation?

A

Opposite in function - It delivers CO2 to the lungs and picks up O2

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8
Q

What changes occur in the respiratory system and cardiovascular system when E demand increases by working muscle?

A

Respiratory - Rate & Depth of Breathing.

Speeds up: - Substrate (O2) acquisition - Waste disposal (CO2) Cardiovascular- Heart Rate & Force of Contraction.

Speeds up: - Substrate delivery to muscle via blood - Waste removal via blood

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9
Q

What is the movement of O2 during gas exchange?

A

O2 moves from inspired air to blood (at lungs) O2 moves from blood to cells (at the systemic capillaries)

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10
Q

What is the movement of CO2 during gas exchange?

A

CO2 moves from blood to air which is then expired (at Lungs) CO2 moves from cells to blood (at the systemic capillaries)

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the volume of oxygen exchanged in the lungs per unit time and that of the net volume exchanged in the tissues

A

EQUAL Same applies for carbon dioxide

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12
Q

What is the purpose of this equal exchange between the lungs and the tissues?

A

This prevents gas build up in the circulation which would hamper gas exchange. Helps to ensure supply = demand

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13
Q

What are the average volumes exchanged per minute?

A

250 ml oxygen exchanged (consumed) 200 ml carbon dioxide exchanged (produced)

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14
Q

What are breathing rates at rest? And maximum breathing rate?

A

Breathing rate is 10-20 breaths/min at rest, 40 - 45 at maximum exercise in adults

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15
Q

What portion of the respiratory system is shared with the digestive system?

A

The pharynx - From your nose, oxygen moves into the pharynx or throat

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16
Q

What helpful roles does the nose have in the respiratory system?

A

Air enters the body through nose. Cilia and mucus trap particles Warms and moistens air

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17
Q

What is the function of trachea?

A

Transports oxygen from the pharynx to the lungs

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18
Q

What protective structural component exists in the trachea?

A

Stiff rings of cartilage - supports and protects

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19
Q

What are lungs spongy?

A

Lots of hollow sacs that compose them

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20
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Small flap where tissue folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow It is mostly open, closes on swallowing

21
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Contains vocal cords - vibrate to produce sound

22
Q

What is the bronchus?

A

Where the trachea bifurcates (at sternal angle), air moves from trachea to bronchus which lead to the inside of the lung.

23
Q

Where is the lower respiratory system enclosed?

A

In the thorax, bounded by the ribs, spine and the diaphram

24
Q

What body structures are found in the upper respiratory system?

A

Pharynx, Vocal Cords, Esophagus, Nasal Cavity, Tongue, Larynx

25
Q

What body structures are found in the lower respiratory system?

A

Right lung, Left lung, Left brochus and right bronchus, diaphragm

26
Q

Where do the lungs sit?

A

In the pleural cavity - contains 3 ml of fluid

27
Q

How much does each bronchi branch?

A

22 times, before finally terminating in a cluster of alveoli

28
Q

Which primary bronchi is wider?

A

The right primary bronchi - more aspirated foreign bodies lodge here

29
Q

What maintains patency (open) in the airways?

A

C - shaped rings of cartilage

30
Q

What doesn’t contain C - shaped rings of cartilage?

A

Bronchioles

31
Q

What maintains patency in the bronchioles?

A

Physical forces in the thorax

32
Q

What happens to airway diameter as you go down the respiratory tree?

A

Decreases

33
Q

Where does greatest resistance to air flow occur?

A

Upper respiratory tract (conducting zone), contains lots more molecules Branching increases surface area

34
Q

What is the effect of contraction on resistance?

A

Contraction decreases diameter = increases resistance Relaxation increases diameter = decreases resistance

35
Q

What controls airway diameter, and therefore resistance to airflow?

A

Activity of bronchial smooth muscle

36
Q

What is each cluster of alveoli surrounded by?

A

Elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

37
Q

What are the functions of the elastic fibers?

A

Stretch during inspiration, they release this stretch energy on exhalation (contraction)

38
Q

What type of cells exist in the alveoli?

A

Type 1 cells - gas exchange Type 2 cells - produce surfactant Capillaries exist between the alveoli - direct contact with type one cells - minimises distance Alveolar macrophages ingest foreign material that reaches alveolli

39
Q

Where is gas exchange possible?

A

Only at the alveoli - very thin walls

40
Q

What is the function of conducting airways?

A

The walls of the upper airways are too thick to allow gases to cross and their function is purely conduction of air to and from the alveoli (the air in these airways is known as anatomical dead space because it cannot participate in gas exchange).

41
Q

What is the function of huge surface area of the alveoli?

A

The huge surface area of the alveoli further enhances their gas exchange function.

42
Q

What lines the respiratory tract?

A

Epithelium (psuedo-stratified, ciliated, columnar) Glands Lymph nodes Blood vessels (nutritive) Ciliated Mucous

43
Q

What is the progression from the nose to alveoli?

A

Epithelium becomes more squamous Cilia lost Mucous cells lost (before cilia) Goblet cells lost before cilia, cilia are the last thing to be lost

44
Q

What is the function of mucous?

A

Moistens air Traps particles Provides large surface area for cilia to act on

45
Q

What cells are associated with mucous?

A

Goblet cells Subepithelial glands

46
Q

What is the movement of macrophages from the alveoli?

A

Macrophages escape to pharynx/lymph nodes

47
Q

What is another word for

A

Pneumocytes - rich capillary network

48
Q

Describe type 1 Pneumocytes

A

Pneumocytes - 97% alveolar surface Simple squamous epithelium Gas exchange

49
Q

Describe type 2 Pneumocytes

A

Surfactant production Phospholipids and protein Reduces surface tension at alveolar surface Reduces work of breathing