Introduction

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

A microbe that causes disease in normal healthy humans

Question 2

Who was Edward Jenner?

Answer 2

Cow-pox vaccine guy (vacca = cow)

Question 3

Who was John Snow?

Answer 3

The guy with the well in London

Question 4

Pasteur findings:

Answer 4

1) Microbes cause fermentation

2) Microbes does not spontaneously show up

Question 5

Kochs postulates:

Answer 5

Overall - when can you say that a pathogen causes a disease

1) The organism is present always when there is disease
2) It can be isolated in cultivated in vitro
3) Inoculation of culture should cause disease
4) The organism can be reisolated from new host.

Question 6

aseptic

Answer 6

seperation of steriale materials from materials with microbes.

Question 7

Alexander flemming:

Answer 7

Discoverer of penicilin.

Question 8

Obligate parasite

Answer 8

A parasite that depends on humans

Question 9

Obligate pathogens

Answer 9

A pathogen that need to cause disease to spread

Question 10

Fomite

Answer 10

Inanimate object that can transmit infection

Question 11

Exogenous infection

Answer 11

One that arrives from a microorganism not already present in us

Question 12

Prevalence

Answer 12

Total number of cases in a predefined population at particular time

Question 13

Incidence

Answer 13

New number of cases within a time period

Question 14

Carl Woese

Answer 14

sRNA opdager

Question 15

LUCA

Answer 15

Last Universal common ancestor

Question 16

The two basic bacterial shapes:

Answer 16

1) Spherical (cocci)

2) Rod (bacillus)

Question 17

Subdivision of Bacillus

Answer 17

1) Vibrio (comma shaped)
2) Spirillum (spiral shaped)
3) Actinomyces (filamentious)

Question 18

What is an inclusion body?

Answer 18

E.g. a spore - a big cytoplasmic structure used for storage of some kind.

Question 19

Ribosomes in bacteria

Answer 19

70 S (30 and 50 S)

Question 20

Ribosomes in eukaryotes

Answer 20

80 S (40 and 60 S)

Question 21

Where is LPS found

Answer 21

Mostly in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

Question 22

What is endotoxin?

Answer 22

LPS especcially the lipid center of LPS creates inflammatory response

Question 23

3 extracellular polysaccharide structures:

Answer 23

1) capsule (can be seen in microscope)
2) microcapsule (cannot be seen but can be found using serological tests)
3) Loose slime (not as closely associatedd with the bacterial envelope)

Interacts swith external environment (e.g. anti phago, extreme conditions)

Question 24

Genera that form spores

Answer 24

1) Bacillus

2) Clostridium

Question 25

Germination

Answer 25

Reactivation of spores

Question 26

Difference between exo and endospores

Answer 26

Where they are produced and carried by the organism

Question 27

Virion

Answer 27

Basic infectious particle of the virus

Question 28

Capsid

Answer 28

Protein surrounding genetic material virus (can have host-drevied plasma membrane envelope)

Question 29

Cladistic

Answer 29

An evolutionary way of looking at bacterial classification

Question 30

Phenetic

Answer 30

A phenotypic way of looking at bacterial classification

Question 31

Name the 4 classical DNA based classification tools:

Answer 31

1) DNA composition (GC)
2) DNA homology (hybridisation)
3) 16s Sequencing
4) WGS

Question 32

Name the 6 important phylums of bacteria mentioned in the book

Answer 32

1) Actinobacteria (Gram+)
2) Firmicutes (gram+ coccus)
3) Proteobacteria (bram- both coccus and bacillus)
4) Bacteroidetes (gram-)
5) Spirochaetes (gram-)
6) Chlamydiae

Question 33

Name the most important ways of identifying bacteria

Answer 33

1) Microscopy
2) cultural characteristics
3) Biochemical reactions
4) MALDI-TOF MS
5) Nucleotide based
6) Antigenic characterisation

Question 34

Panmitic

Answer 34

When are specific species undergoes a lot of genome changes so colonies are very diverse

Question 35

clonal

Answer 35

Opposite of panmitic

Question 36

A strain

Answer 36

A population of bacteria assumed to arrive from the same bacteria

Question 37

An isolate

Answer 37

A sample of primary culture

Question 38

typing

Answer 38

Figuring out which strain of bacteria there is in an isolate

Question 39

PAMP

Answer 39

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

Question 40

Lyzosym

Answer 40

Protein that degrades peptidoglycan - part of innate immune system - in macrophages, neutrophils and fluids.

Question 41

Acute phase proteins

Answer 41

Proteins that are measured upon infection - e.g. c-reactive protein that binds phosphocholin in some bacterial membranes.

Question 42

Types of baccterial pathogens

Answer 42

1) Opportunustic
2) Primary (causes disease in helthy intact patients)
3) Zoonoses

Question 43

Virulence determinants

Answer 43

The proteins that a pathogen has that causes its mode of action.

Question 44

Name the most common modes of adhesion (in context of pathogenic invasion)

Answer 44

1) Adhesion by fimbrial adhesion (through the fimbria)
2) non-fimbrial adhesion (Usually protein, polysaccharide on surface or excreted)
3) binding to connective tissue proteins

Question 45

Invasion

Answer 45

Some pathogens need to invade the cells in the body. This is done by passing the plasma membrane - usually through receptor contact.

Question 46

Mention the most important staging in pathogenic infection:

Answer 46

1) Colonisation (e.g. adhesion)
2) Invasion
3) Survival and multiplication
4) Avoidance of host defence